Table 3.
Between-group effects of dCBT-I and WLC on all-outcomes
| dCBT-I + CAU | WLC + CAU | Diffadj | 95% CIpooled | P | ES | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 106 | n = 111 | ||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | ||||||
| ISI | 8.56 | 5.09 | 15.96 | 4.09 | –7.60 | –8.67 | –6.54 | <.001 | –2.08 |
| FSS | 3.44 | 1.33 | 4.77 | 1.01 | –1.21 | –1.47 | –0.97 | <.001 | –1.02 |
| ESS | 7.32 | 4.30 | 7.68 | 4.26 | –1.08 | –1.74 | –0.41 | .003 | –0.26 |
| DBAS-16 | 3.90 | 1.52 | 5.56 | 1.33 | –1.54 | –1.83 | –1.26 | <.001 | –1.17 |
| WHO-5 | 13.67 | 4.78 | 10.18 | 4.49 | 2.76 | 1.86 | 3.70 | <.001 | 0.68 |
| WHOQOL-BREF | |||||||||
| Physical health | 15.80 | 2.53 | 14.06 | 2.23 | 1.52 | 1.10 | 1.98 | <.001 | 0.66 |
| Psychological health | 14.68 | 2.53 | 13.62 | 2.44 | 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.87 | .016 | 0.19 |
| Social relationships | 14.60 | 3.28 | 13.63 | 3.18 | 0.47 | –0.09 | 1.03 | .121 | 0.15 |
| Environment | 16.82 | 2.06 | 16.38 | 2.02 | 0.30 | –0.01 | 0.64 | .090 | 0.15 |
| ADS-K | 10.23 | 6.86 | 16.10 | 7.44 | –5.48 | –6.96 | –4.02 | <.001 | –0.80 |
| STAI-T | 39.78 | 10.38 | 46.93 | 10.05 | –5.73 | –7.37 | –4.16 | <.001 | –0.56 |
| Dream recall frequency | 3.21 | 1.86 | 3.32 | 1.79 | –0.32 | –0.66 | 0.08 | .257 | –0.18 |
| Nightmare frequency | 1.43 | 4.86 | 1.13 | 3.06 | 0.28 | 0.97 | –0.59 | .681 | –0.07 |
dCBT-I, digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia; M and SD refer to unadjusted means and standard deviations, respectively; Diffadj, adjusted mean difference derived from fitted ANCOVAs; 95% CIpooled, 95% confidence interval of the pooled adjusted mean difference; ES, between-group effect size (Cohen’s d).