Table 1.

Summary of microbiome as indicators or targets of maternal and neonatal health care.

Objects	Functions	Cases	Microbial indicators or targets	Sources	References
Pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes	Early prediction	GDM	Prevotella copri↓	Gut	Pinto et al. (2023)
	Early prediction	PTB	Lactobacillus crispatus↓ Lactobacillus iners↓ Sneathia amnii↑ Prevotella↑	Vagina	Fettweis et al. (2019)
	Auxiliary diagnosis	GDM	Lautropia↑ Neisseria↑ Streptococcus↓ Veillonella↓	Oral	Li et al. (2021)
	Auxiliary diagnosis	Hypertension Preeclampsia	Odoribacter↓ Akkermansia↓	Gut	Gomez-Arango et al. (2016) Jin et al. (2022)
	Intervention target	Preeclampsia	Akkermansia muciniphila↓	Gut	Jin et al. (2022)
	Health monitoring	Endometritis	Lactobacillus↓ Prevotella↑ Atopobium↑ Acinetobacter↑ Sneathia↑	Vagina	Zhang et al. (2022)
	Retrospective diagnosis	GDM	Faecalibacterium↑ Anaerotruncus↑ Clostridium↓ Veillonella↓ Akkermansia↓ Christensenella↑	Gut	Crusell et al. (2018)
	Retrospective diagnosis	Endometritis	Lactobacillus↓	Vagina	Zhang et al. (2022)
	Intervention target	Chronic endometritis	Lactobacillus murinus↓	Vagina	Wang et al. (2021)
Precise management of nutrition and health during pregnancy	Precise management	Nutritional status	Alistipes putredinis↓ Eubacterium ramulus↑ Bacteroides plebeius↓	Gut	Sun et al. (2023)
	Precise management	Nutritional status	Proteobacteria↑ Enterobacteriaceae↑ Actinobacteria↑	Gut	Zeevi et al. (2015)
Infant development and nutritional status	Neonatal growth indicator	Developmental status	Firmicutes Bifidobacterium Bacteroides Prevotella Faecalibacterium rausnitzii Ruminococcus Lactobacillus ruminis Dorea longicatena	Gut	Xiao et al. (2021) Stewart et al. (2018) Subramanian et al. (2014)
	Diseases indicator	Immune-mediated diseases	Bifidobacteriumlongum infantis↓	Gut	Huda et al. (2019) Grześkowiak et al. (2012) Abrahamsson et al. (2014) Azad et al. (2013) Brodin (2022)
	Neonatal growth indicator	Severe acute malnutrition	Bifidobacteria↓ Lactobacilli↓ Ruminococcus↓	Gut	Subramanian et al. (2014)
	Intervention targets	Chronic undernutrition	Lactobacillus plantarum↓	Gut	Schwarzer et al. (2016)

The arrows represents the direction of changes (increase:↑ or decrease:↓) of the specific microbes in case (diseases) versus controls.