Table 5.

Wisconsin Card Sort Test, comparing the probiotic and control group results at baseline and follow-up measurements

WCST	Probiotics (N = 36)					Control (N = 40)					p- Value(M)
	Before	After	∆	p- Value(W)		Before	After	∆	p- Value(W)
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD		d	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD		d
Wisconsin categories completed	3.67 ± 1.57	4.14 ± 1.91	0.47 ± 1.44	0.064	0.41	3.93 ± 1.97	4.33 ± 1.56	0.4 ± 1.81	0.143	0.33	0.499
Correct responses	83.97 ± 9.59	88.64 ± 10.41	4.67 ± 10.4	0.016*	0.54	81.95 ± 14.9	83 ± 13.1	1.1 ± 11.35	0.466	0.16	0.148
W total errors (%)	33.66 ± 7.75	31.29 ± 6.5	-2.36 ± 6.73	0.058	0.42	35.58 ± 11.79	34.65 ± 10.78	-0.93 ± 8.76	0.275	0.24	0.512
W perseverative responses (%)	34.63 ± 9.5	31.84 ± 7	-2.79 ± 7.31	0.027*	0.50	32.95 ± 11.34	31.68 ± 7.93	-1.3 ± 10.46	0.795	0.06	0.134
Perseverative error	17.88 ± 6.83	15.81 ± 5.1	-2.23 ± 6.27	0.017*	0.53	18.43 ± 6.16	17.55 ± 6.34	-0.88 ± 5.77	0.500	0.15	0128
Non-Perseverative Errors %	19.42 ± 12.94	16.33 ± 13.28	-3.1 ± 7.9	0.044*	0.45	17.55 ± 12.93	16.47 ± 10.2	-1.1 ± 7.73	0.434	0.17	0.242
Unique Errors? %	3.17 ± 1.93	2.52 ± 1.6	-0.66 ± 2.3	0.088	0.38	3.85 ± 2.74	3.63 ± 2.4	-0.22 ± 2.2	0.561	0.15	0.670
Trails to complete the first cat	26.88 ± 23.27	25.42 ± 24	-1.47 ± 9.84	0.294	0.23	25.3 ± 18.14	25.48 ± 19.14	0.18 ± 14.43	0.107	0.36	0.851
Failure to maintain set	3.64 ± 1.66	3.14 ± 1.6	-0.5 ± 1.8	0.156	0.32	3.33 ± 1.56	3.1 ± 1.82	-0.25 ± 2.2	0.539	0.14	0.483
Conceptional level response	54.78 ± 11.71	55.83 ± 12.93	1.1 ± 8.24	0.408	0.18	53.62 ± 12.1	52.5 ± 14.1	-1.12 ± 7.66	0.450	0.17	0.393

W total errors, Wisconsin total errors; Wisconsin perseverative responses; Trails to complete first cat, Trails to complete first category

^(W)Wilcoxon signed-rank test (Before vs. after comparison for each group separately); ∆ (After minus Before; ^(M) Mann–Whitney U-test (∆ comparison between the groups; *p < 0.05; The Cohen’s d effect size