Table 2.

Wellbeing Indicators and Measures

Domain	Theoretical Framework	Measure	N of items	Sample Item	Response Format	Cronbach’s alpha
Life satisfaction	Hedonic	Office for National Statistics Life Satisfaction item [50]	1	Overall, how satisfied are you with your life nowadays?	0–10 scale, with 0 = not at all, 10 = completely
Positive affect	Hedonic	Positive and Negative Affect Scale (positive affect subscale) [51]	5	Indicate to what extent you have felt happy during the past few weeks	Very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely	0.92
Negative affect	Hedonic	Me and My Feelings (negative affect items from emotional difficulties subscale) [52]	5	I am unhappy	Never, sometimes, always	0.85
Symptoms of distress	Complete state	Me and My Feelings (emotional difficulties subscale) [52]	10	I cry a lot	Never, sometimes, always	0.88
Mental wellbeing	Complete state	Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale [53]	7	I’ve been thinking clearly	None of the time, rarely, some of the time, often, all of the time	0.86
Autonomy	Eudaimonic	Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scales [54]	6	I generally feel free to express my ideas and opinions	1–5 scale, with 1 = completely not true, 5 = completely true	0.70
Self-Esteem	Eudaimonic	Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (positive self-esteem subscale, child version) [55]	5	I am a person of value	Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree	0.90
Optimism	Eudaimonic	EPOCH measure (optimism subscale) [56]	4	I think good things are going to happen to me	Almost never, sometimes, often, very often, always	0.81
Positive relations with others	Eudaimonic	Child and Youth Resilience Measure (friendships and social support subscale) [57]	4	I get along with people around me	Not at all, a little, somewhat, quite a bit, a lot	0.84

^a 5 specific negative affect items (unhappy, lonely, worry, worry at school, scared) extracted and validated via confirmatory factor analysis (x²: 2704.908; d.f.: 5; RMSEA: 0.125; CFI: 0.982; TLI: 0.965)