Table 3.
A Cross-Tabulation of the Intraoperative Factors Among Pediatric Patients Operated at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia (n=205)
| Variables | Categories | Frequency (%) | Bradycardia After General Anesthesia, Frequency (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=40) | No (n=165) | ||||
| 40 (19.5) | 165 (80.5) | ||||
| Vital signs | Blood pressure (mmHg) | 84.12±22.88 / 45.13±12.72 | 65±33 / 29.50±17.11 | 91±23 / 51.02±9.91 | |
| Heart rate (beats per minute) | 113±43 | 113±43 | 109±41 | ||
| Oxygen saturation (%) | 96.1±3.90 | 89.23±9.08 | 97.03±2.51 | ||
| Temperature (°C) | 36.22±1.31 | 35.43±1.01 | 36.05±0.09 | ||
| Induction of general anesthesia | IV induction | Yes | 157 (76.6) | 14 (8.9) | 143 (91.1) |
| No | 48 (23.4) | 26 (54.2) | 22 (45.8) | ||
| Inhalational induction | Yes | 35 (17.1) | 14 (40) | 21 (60) | |
| No | 170 (82.9) | 26 (15.3) | 144 (84.7) | ||
| Induction agent | Ketamine | Yes | 62 (30.2) | 12 (19.4) | 50 (80.6) |
| No | 143 (69.8) | 28 (19.6) | 115 (80.4) | ||
| Propofol | Yes | 73 (35.6) | 16 (21.9) | 57 (78.1) | |
| No | 132 (64.4) | 24 (18.2) | 108 (81.8) | ||
| Ketofol | Yes | 54 (26.3) | 6 (11.1) | 48 (88.9) | |
| No | 151 (73.7) | 34 (22.5) | 117 (77.5) | ||
| Halothane | Yes | 10 (4.9) | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | |
| No | 195 (95.1) | 34 (17.4) | 161 (82.6) | ||
| Airway management | Face mask | Yes | 46 (22.4) | 6 (13) | 40 (87) |
| No | 159 (77.6) | 34 (21.4) | 125 (78.6) | ||
| LMA | Yes | 22 (10.7) | 4 (18.2) | 18 (81.8) | |
| No | 183 (89.3) | 36 (19.7) | 147 (80.3) | ||
| ETT | Yes | 129 (62.9) | 11 (8.5) | 118 (91.5) | |
| No | 76 (37.1) | 29 (38.2) | 47 (61.8) | ||
| Difficult intubation | Yes | 34 (16.6) | 27 (79.4) | 7 (20.6) | |
| No | 171 (83.4) | 13 (7.6) | 158 (92.4) | ||
| Maintenance of anesthesia | Isoflurane | 65 (31.7) | 11 (16.9) | 54 (83.1) | |
| Halothane | 88 (42.9) | 19 (21.6) | 69 (78.4) | ||
| Propofol | 831 (15.1) | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) | ||
| Others (ketofol, ketamine) | 21 (10) | 2 (6.5) | 29 (93.5) | ||
| Types of surgery | Ophthalmological | 73 (35.6) | 9 (12.3) | 64 (87.7) | |
| General surgery | 59 (28.8) | 13 (22) | 46 (78) | ||
| Neurosurgery | 31 (15.1) | 7 (22.6) | 24 (77.4) | ||
| Urology | 24 (11.7) | 5 (20.8) | 19 (79.2) | ||
| ENT | 11 (5.4) | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | ||
| Others (ortho, plastic, OMFS) | 7 (3.4) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | ||
| Muscle relaxant used during maintenance | Succinylcholine | 21 (20) | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | |
| Vecuronium | 84 (80) | 28 (33.3) | 56 (66.7) | ||
| Intraoperative complications | Yes | 57 (27.8) | 16 (28.1) | 4 1 (71.9) | |
| No | 148 (72.2) | 24 (16.2) | 124 (83.8) | ||
| Complications | No | 148 (72.2) | 24 (16.2) | 124 (83.8) | |
| Hypoxia | 21 (10.2) | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | ||
| Significant blood loss | 9 (4.4) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | ||
| Hypothermia | 11 (5.4) | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | ||
| Hypoglycemia | 8 (3.9) | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | ||
| Others (fluid load) | 8 (3.9) | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | ||