Table 4.
Results of Bivariable Logistic Regression of Factors Associated with Bradycardia After Induction of General Anesthesia Among Pediatric Patients Operated at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia (n=205)
| Variables | Categories | Bradycardia After General Anesthesia, Frequency (%) | COR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n=40) | No (n=165) | ||||||
| 40 (19.5) | 165 (80.5) | ||||||
| ASA class | ASA-I | 16 (11.9) | 118 (88.1) | 1 | |||
| ASA-II | 24 (33.8) | 47 (66.2) | 0.27 (0.13–0.54) | 0.14 | |||
| Preoperative risk of hypoxia (desaturation) | No | 12 (9.5) | 114 (90.5) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 28 (35.4) | 51 (64.6) | 5.22 (2.45–11.0) | 0.12 | |||
| Premedications | Anticholinergics | Yes | 16 (26.7) | 44 (73.3) | 1 | ||
| No | 24 (16.6) | 121 (83.4) | 1.83 (0.89–3.77) | 0.21 | |||
| Opioids | No | 13 (13.9) | 143 (86.1) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 27 (69.2) | 12 (30.8) | 26.5 (10.9–64.2) | 0.24 | |||
| Others (steroids, diazepam) | No | 32 (18) | 146 (82) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 8 (29.6) | 19 (70.4) | 1.92 (0.21–1.29) | 0.26 | |||
| Nature of surgery | Elective | 20 (14.1) | 122 (85.9) | 1 | |||
| Emergency | 20 (31.7) | 43 (68.5) | 0.35 (0.17–0.72) | 0.28 | |||
| Induction of general anesthesia | IV induction | Yes | 14 (8.9) | 143 (91.1) | 1 | ||
| No | 26 (54.2) | 22 (45.8) | 0.08 (0.04–0.18) | 0.22 | |||
| Inhalational induction | No | 26 (15.3) | 144 (84.7) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 14 (40) | 21 (60) | 3.69 (1.67–8.17) | 0.10 | |||
| Induction agent | Ketamine | Yes | 12 (19.4) | 50 (80.6) | 1 | ||
| No | 28 (19.6) | 115 (80.4) | 0.98 (0.46–2.10) | 0.36 | |||
| Propofol | No | 24 (18.2) | 108 (81.8) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 16 (21.9) | 57 (78.1) | 1.26 (0.39–1.61) | 0.52 | |||
| Ketofol | Yes | 6 (11.1) | 48 (88.9) | 1 | |||
| No | 34 (22.5) | 117 (77.5) | 0.43 (0.17–1.09) | 0.30 | |||
| Halothane | No | 34 (17.4) | 161 (82.6) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | 7.10 (1.90–26.5) | 0.08 | |||
| Airway management | Face mask | No | 34 (21.4) | 125 (78.6) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 6 (13) | 40 (87) | 0.55 (0.22–1.41) | 0.21 | |||
| LMA | Yes | 4 (18.2) | 18 (81.8) | 1 | |||
| No | 36 (19.7) | 147 (80.3) | 0.91 (0.29–2.85) | 0.86 | |||
| ETT | No | 29 (38.2) | 47 (61.8) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 11 (8.5) | 118 (91.5) | 0.15 (0.07–0.34) | 0.18 | |||
| Difficult intubation | No | 13 (7.6) | 158 (92.4) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 27 (79.4) | 7 (20.6) | 46.8 (17.2–51.4) | 0.02 | |||
| Maintenance of anesthesia | Isoflurane | 11 (16.9) | 54 (83.1) | 1 | |||
| Halothane | 19 (21.6) | 69 (78.4) | 1.35 (0.59–3.08) | 0.06 | |||
| Propofol | 8 (38.1) | 13 (61.9) | 3.02 (0.87–18.3) | 0.07 | |||
| Others (ketofol, ketamine) | 2 (6.5) | 29 (93.5) | 0.34 (0.16–1.24) | 0.12 | |||
| Muscle relaxants used | Succinylcholine | 14 (66.7) | 7 (33.3) | 0.25 (0.36–1.15) | 0.28 | ||
| Vecuronium | 28 (33.3) | 56 (66.7) | 1 | ||||
| Types of surgery | Others (ortho, plastic, OMFS) | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | 1 | |||
| ENT | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 1.43 (0.25–8.16) | 0.19 | |||
| Urology | 5 (20.8) | 19 (79.2) | 0.66 (0.48–16.9) | 0.25 | |||
| Neurosurgery | 7 (22.6) | 24 (77.4) | 0.73 (0.22–10.3) | 0.17 | |||
| General surgery | 13 (22) | 46 (78) | 0.71 (0.09–5.43) | 0.23 | |||
| Ophthalmological | 9 (12.3) | 64 (87.7) | 0.35 (0.22–8.66) | 0.34 | |||
| Intraoperative complications | No | 24 (16.2) | 124 (83.8) | 1 | |||
| Yes | 16 (28.1) | 41 (71.9) | 2.02 (0.24–1.02) | 0.16 | |||
| Complications | No | 24 (16.2) | 124 (83.8) | 1 | |||
| Hypoxia | 5 (23.8) | 16 (76.2) | 1.61 (0.17–7.06) | 0.15 | |||
| Blood loss | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | 1.47 (0.23–8.78) | 0.16 | |||
| Hypothermia | 2 (18.2) | 9 (81.8) | 1.15 (1.9–2.90) | 0.46 | |||
| Hypoglycemia | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 3.10 (0.60–1.73) | 0.22 | |||
| Others (fluid load) | 4 (50) | 4 (50) | 5.17 (1.54–4.83) | 0.39 | |||
Notes: Bold p-value = Significant association on bivariable logistic regression at p-value <0.25. 1- Reference group.