Table 2.

Structural and Functional Metrics in Pediatric-Onset MS Participants and Healthy Controls

	POMS	HC	P-valuea	Adjusted P-valueb
Visual acuity (number of letters correct)
Binocular high-contrast visual acuity, mean (SD)	57.5 (4.3)	57.2 (6.6)	.8512	.8512
Binocular low contrast letter acuity (2.5%), mean (SD)	31.3 (9.5)	34.7 (6.8)	.1766	.2060
Binocular low contrast letter acuity (1.25%), mean (SD)	22.2 (9.2)	28.2 (7.1)	.0221	.0387
Optical coherence tomography (microns)
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (averaged mean for both eyes), mean (SD)	90.7 (13.9)	98.5 (9.0)	.0343	.0480
Ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness (averaged mean for both eyes), mean (SD)	76.1 (8.5)	83.2 (6.0)	.0046	.0107
Diffusion tensor imaging
Fractional anisotropy of the optic radiations, mean (SD)	.40 (.02)	.43 (.02)	.0006	.0042
Fractional anisotropy of lesions within the optic radiations, mean (SD)	.35 (.03)	N/A	N/A
Fractional anisotropy of normal-appearing white matter (non-lesional) within the optic radiations, mean (SD)	.40 (.02)	.43 (.02)	.0010	.0047
Mean diffusivity of the optic radiations, mean (SD)	.84 (.02)	.80 (.02)	.0020	.0056
Mean diffusivity of lesions within the optic radiations, mean (SD)	1.01 (.09)	N/A	N/A
Mean diffusivity of normal-appearing white matter (non-lesional) within the optic radiations, mean (SD)	.83 (.02)	.80 (.02)	.0200	.0400
Cortical mantle thickness (mm)
Whole brain, mean (SD)	2.49 (.13)	2.58 (.12)	.0278	.0432
Visual cortex, mean (SD)	2.07 (.12)	2.17 (.08)	.0017	.0059
Whole brain excluding visual cortex, mean (SD)	2.61 (.13)	2.70 (.15)	.0382	.0486
Fovea, mean (SD)	1.69 (.14)	1.67 (.14)	.7026	.7566
Visual cortex (without the fovea), mean (SD)	2.13 (.12)	2.26 (.11)	.0004	.0056

^aP-value was determined using the Student’s t-test for independent samples.

^bBenjamini-Hochberg P-value adjusted for multiple comparisons.

POMS = pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis; HC = healthy control; SD = standard deviation.