Volcano plot showing 35 significant protein associations with sickle cell trait in the WHI cohort. Effect estimates (β value) are noted on the x axis on the SD scale. All significant associations are labeled in red, but only the top eight proteins with association in the positive direction are labeled because of space constraints. AHSP, α-hemoglobin–stabilizing protein; EPHB4, ephrin type-B receptor 4; HAVCR1, hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1; HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1; IL10RB, interleukin-10 receptor subunit β; MMP7, matrilysin; TGFBR2, TGF-β receptor type-2; UMOD, uromodulin; WHI, Women's Health Initiative.