TABLE 2.

Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action of extract from Phyllanthus emblica.

No.	Dose	Pharmacology activity	Mechanism	References
1	50 and 100 μg/mL	Antioxidant	- enhancing reducing power and total antioxidant capacity, scavenging hydroxil radical and superoxide anion	Uddin et al. (2016); Li et al. (2020)
			- Reduced peroxidation level
			- Induced defense system (GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH reductase, and GSH S-transferase)
2	50 and 100 μg/mL	Antiinflammatory	- Inhibited Nitric Oxide (NO) and COX-2 (dose-dependent)	Li et al. (2022)
3	100; 200; 500 mg/kg BW	Immunomodulatory	- Induced the activity of GSH, CAT, and SOD in the thymus of mice	Ghosh et al. (2013); Saini et al. (2022)
			- increased the hemagglutination antibody titer, leukocytes count, the percentage of lymphocytes distribution, and delayed hypersensitivity in mice
4	500 mg/kg BW	Hepatoprotective	- Gallic acid content improves high fat diet induced dyslipidemia, hepatosteatosis, and oxidative stress	Huang et al. (2017)
			- increasing adiponectin in adipocytes and PPAR-α in the liver and decreasing SREBP-1c in the liver
5	Dose dependent	Neuroprotective	- Conferred PC12 cells protection against H2O2-induced cell death	Li et al. (2022)
6	50 and 100 mg/kg BW	Cardioprotective	- The emblicanin A and B contents reversed the effects of IRI (ischaemia reperfusion injury)	Priya and Islam (2019)
7	25 and 50 μg/mL	Anticancer	- Phenolic acid and flavonoid content inhibited cell migration	Samatiwat et al. (2021)
8	2 mL/kg/day	Antihyperlipidemic	- Activated PPARα and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (involved in lipid oxidation)	Variya et al. (2016)
			- Reduced the serum triglycerides
9	500 mg/TDS	Antihypertensive	- Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure	Ghaffari et al. (2020)
10	50 and 25 mg/mL	Antimicrobial	- Methanolic extract showed potent antimicrobial activity to antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Enteritidis; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Nair et al. (2020); Jahan and Akter (2015); Farhana et al. (2022)
11	250 and 500 mg/kg BW	Anti-diarrheal	- Inhibited the biosynthesis of prostaglandin through antisecretory mechanism	Afrin et al. (2016)
12	1.2 mg/mL	Anti-aging	- Reduced the activity of AchE, BuChE; enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD and CAT; decrease MDA level	Wu et al. (2022b)
13	100 and 300 mg/kg BW	Laxative	- The crude extract increased the production of wet feces at a mechanism similar to the effect of standard drug carbachol	Mehmood et al. (2013)