1 |
50 and 100 μg/mL |
Antioxidant |
- enhancing reducing power and total antioxidant capacity, scavenging hydroxil radical and superoxide anion |
Uddin et al. (2016); Li et al. (2020)
|
- Reduced peroxidation level |
- Induced defense system (GSH, SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH reductase, and GSH S-transferase) |
2 |
50 and 100 μg/mL |
Antiinflammatory |
- Inhibited Nitric Oxide (NO) and COX-2 (dose-dependent) |
Li et al. (2022)
|
3 |
100; 200; 500 mg/kg BW |
Immunomodulatory |
- Induced the activity of GSH, CAT, and SOD in the thymus of mice |
Ghosh et al. (2013); Saini et al. (2022)
|
- increased the hemagglutination antibody titer, leukocytes count, the percentage of lymphocytes distribution, and delayed hypersensitivity in mice |
4 |
500 mg/kg BW |
Hepatoprotective |
- Gallic acid content improves high fat diet induced dyslipidemia, hepatosteatosis, and oxidative stress |
Huang et al. (2017)
|
- increasing adiponectin in adipocytes and PPAR-α in the liver and decreasing SREBP-1c in the liver |
5 |
Dose dependent |
Neuroprotective |
- Conferred PC12 cells protection against H2O2-induced cell death |
Li et al. (2022)
|
6 |
50 and 100 mg/kg BW |
Cardioprotective |
- The emblicanin A and B contents reversed the effects of IRI (ischaemia reperfusion injury) |
Priya and Islam (2019)
|
7 |
25 and 50 μg/mL |
Anticancer |
- Phenolic acid and flavonoid content inhibited cell migration |
Samatiwat et al. (2021)
|
8 |
2 mL/kg/day |
Antihyperlipidemic |
- Activated PPARα and carnitine palmitoyl transferase (involved in lipid oxidation) |
Variya et al. (2016)
|
- Reduced the serum triglycerides |
9 |
500 mg/TDS |
Antihypertensive |
- Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
Ghaffari et al. (2020)
|
10 |
50 and 25 mg/mL |
Antimicrobial |
- Methanolic extract showed potent antimicrobial activity to antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Enteritidis; Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella dysenteriae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
Nair et al. (2020); Jahan and Akter (2015); Farhana et al. (2022)
|
11 |
250 and 500 mg/kg BW |
Anti-diarrheal |
- Inhibited the biosynthesis of prostaglandin through antisecretory mechanism |
Afrin et al. (2016)
|
12 |
1.2 mg/mL |
Anti-aging |
- Reduced the activity of AchE, BuChE; enhanced antioxidant enzymes activity of SOD and CAT; decrease MDA level |
Wu et al. (2022b)
|
13 |
100 and 300 mg/kg BW |
Laxative |
- The crude extract increased the production of wet feces at a mechanism similar to the effect of standard drug carbachol |
Mehmood et al. (2013)
|