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. 2023 Nov 10;102(45):e35876. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035876

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Copyright © 2023 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License 4.0 (CCBY-NC), where it is permissible to download, share, remix, transform, and buildup the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 1. — A total of 19752 participants participated in the 2018 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (Charls). 16242 people were excluded because of incomplete information on walking ability, frailty, depression and others variables, leaving 3510 people. 3510 did not include 583 individuals since they were under the age of 50. Finally, the study’s final 2927 subjects were added.