Table 1.
Sociodemographic comparison
| Parameters | Rural – n (%) n=250 | Urban – n (%) n=250 | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) (u±SD) | 39.6±12.6 | 36.8±12.1 | 0.012 | |
| Age group (years) | 18–25 | 37 (14.8) | 46 (18.4) | 0.108 |
| 26–35 | 78 (31.2) | 91 (36.4) | ||
| 36–45 | 52 (20.8) | 54 (21.6) | ||
| 46–65 | 83 (33.2) | 59 (23.6) | ||
| Sex | Male | 247 (98.8) | 248 (99.2) | 1.000 |
| Female | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | ||
| Years of education (u±SD) | 5.7±4.9 | 7.6±4.4 | <0.001 | |
| Occupation | Unemployed | 51 (20.4) | 47 (18.8) | <0.001† |
| Housewife | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) | ||
| Student | 7 (2.8) | 24 (9.6) | ||
| Daily wager | 79 (31.6) | 37 (14.8) | ||
| Farmer | 79 (31.6) | 44 (17.6) | ||
| Business | 11 (4.4) | 43 (17.2) | ||
| Private job | 19 (7.6) | 37 (14.8) | ||
| Govt.‡ job | 2 (0.8) | 16 (6.4) | ||
| Marital Status | Unmarried | 28 (11.2) | 34 (13.6) | 0.428 |
| Married | 181 (72.4) | 187 (74.8) | ||
| Divorced/separated | 28 (11.2) | 19 (7.6) | ||
| Widowed | 13 (5.2) | 10 (4) | ||
| Family type | Nuclear | 94 (37.6) | 100 (40) | 0.248 |
| 3-generation | 46 (18.4) | 57 (22.8) | ||
| Joint | 110 (44) | 93 (37.2) | ||
| Religion | Hindu | 6 (2.4) | 65 (26) | <0.001 |
| Sikh | 243 (97.2) | 182 (72.8) | ||
| Muslim | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | ||
| Family History of SUD | Absent | 182 (72.8) | 201 (80.4) | 0.028 |
| Present | 68 (27.2) | 49 (19.6) | ||
| Distance from the center (in km) | 23.6±10.3 | 14.0±16.6 | <0.001 | |
| SES‡ | Upper | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 0.011§ |
| Upper middle | 21 (8.4) | 38 (15.2) | ||
| Lower middle | 53 (21.2) | 58 (23.2) | ||
| Upper lower | 168 (67.2) | 147 (58.8) | ||
| Lower | 8 (3.2) | 3 (1.2) | ||
| Other socioeconomic variables‖ | ||||
| Caste | General | 135 (64.0) | 99 (56.6) | 0.212 |
| Scheduled caste | 60 (28.4) | 55 (31.4) | ||
| Backward caste | 16 (7.6) | 21 (12) | ||
| Type of house¶ | Pucca | 168 (79.6) | 144 (82.3) | 0.508 |
| Kutcha/semi-pucca | 43 (20.4) | 31 (17.7) | ||
| Availability of basic amenities¶ | Yes | 196 (92.9) | 159 (90.9) | 0.464 |
| No/partial | 15 (7.1) | 16 (9.1) | ||
| Overcrowding** | Yes | 23 (10.9) | 26 (14.9) | 0.245 |
| No | 188 (89.1) | 149 (85.1) | ||
| Availability of transport vehicle in the family | ≥1 car/tractor | 44 (20.8) | 29 (16.6) | 0.282 |
| ≥1 bike/scooter | 103 (48.8) | 99 (56.6) | ||
| ≥1 cycle/“rehra” rickshaw | 59 (28.0) | 40 (22.9) | ||
| None | 5 (2.4) | 7 (4) | ||
*Chi-square test used; Fisher’s exact test used when expected cell count was <5; Mann–Whitney U test used for variables “Age” and “Years of education”; all mean score variables controlled for SES; P≤0.05 considered statistically significant. †Adjusted P value of significance as per Bonferroni correction was set at ≤0.003. At this level, significant results were achieved for the category of Students (0.002), Daily wagers (<0.001), Farmers (<0.001), Business (<0.001), and Govt. Job (<0.001) versus rest. ‡Govt – Government; SES- Socioeconomic status, as per Kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale modified for year 2021.[29]. §Adjusted P values as per Bonferroni correction (set at ≤0.005) were nonsignificant. ‖Assessed during post-analysis; Rural n=211 and Urban n=175 (Total=386). ¶Kutcha – made of relatively nonpermanent material like mud/grass/stones/thatch/straw/tin/unburnt bricks, etc.; Pucca – made of relatively permanent material like cement/concrete/burnt bricks/timber, etc.; Basic amenities – Tap water, electricity supply, personal sanitary latrine/toilet. **Overcrowding assessed as per persons per room and sex selection criteria defined under “Housing standards” of Park’s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 25th ed..[30]