Table 1. Summary overview of partially shared cholinergic centro-cingulate key regions with topographic system changes associating with cognition and motor impairments in PD and normal aging.

	Cognition and motor impairments in PD and normal aging
Key regions of the centro-cingulate network	Memory domain scores	Executive function domain scores	Attention domain scores	Non-episodic balance and gait changes	Distal limb bradykinesia	Falls	Freezing of gait	Normal aging
Caudal anterior cingulum (L)	✔	✔	✔	✔		✔	✔	✔
Mid cingulum (L)	✔	✔	✔					✔
Posterior cingulum & precuneus (B; partially)	✔	✔						✔
Isthmus cingulum (BA 30, part of the retrosplenial cingulum, B)	✔							✔
Insula (partially, R)	✔ B	✔ B	✔ L>R			✔	✔	✔
Frontotemporal operculum (B)	✔ B	✔ B	✔B			✔R	✔R	✔ B
Upper medial frontopolar cortex (upper part of BA 10, B)	✔ R					✔R	✔R
Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (BA 8 and 9, B)	✔ B	✔ R				✔R	✔R	✔
Paracentral lobule (B)	✔ B	✔ R			✔			✔
Pre- and post-central cortex (B)	✔ B	✔						✔

Abbreviations: BA: Brodmann area; B: bilateral; L: left; R: right.