Table 1.
Characteristics of included population based on quartile of dietary carotenoid intake in the NHANES (N =5,056).
| Quartile of dietary carotenoid intake (μg/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Overall, N = 5056 (100%) |
Q1 N = 1265 (25%) |
Q2 N = 1263 (25 %) |
Q3 N = 1264(25%) |
Q4 N = 1264 (25%) |
P Value |
| Age (years) | 67.50(67.27,67.73) | 67.93(67.45,68.41) | 67.25(66.89,67.62) | 67.69(67.30,68.08) | 67.20(66.79,67.60) | 0.04 |
| Gender % | <0.01 | |||||
| Female | 52.83 | 54.36 | 56.01 | 53.73 | 47.79 | |
| Male | 47.17 | 45.64 | 43.99 | 46.27 | 52.21 | |
| Ethnicity % | <0.01 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 80.35 | 75.53 | 80.31 | 82.32 | 82.29 | |
| Mexican American | 4.11 | 4.48 | 3.72 | 4.68 | 3.62 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7.53 | 11.28 | 7.3 | 5.87 | 6.38 | |
| Other ethnicities | 8.02 | 8.71 | 8.67 | 7.12 | 7.71 | |
| Education % | < 0.01 | |||||
| Grade or less | 16.57 | 22.86 | 16.83 | 15.36 | 12.53 | |
| High school | 22.94 | 28.42 | 22.41 | 21.62 | 20.39 | |
| Some college | 31 | 31.26 | 33.01 | 32.92 | 27.06 | |
| College or more | 29.5 | 17.46 | 27.75 | 30.1 | 40.02 | |
| Married status % | 66.73 | 60.37 | 65.27 | 68.95 | 70.98 | <0.01 |
| Poverty income ratio | 3.20(3.09,3.30) | 2.67(2.52,2.82) | 3.19(3.06,3.32) | 3.34(3.18,3.49) | 3.49(3.34,3.64) | < 0.01 |
| Smoking status % | < 0.01 | |||||
| Never | 12.66 | 14.49 | 14.28 | 11.7 | 10.63 | |
| Former | 40.61 | 36.36 | 39.68 | 43.05 | 42.49 | |
| Now | 12.34 | 20.02 | 11.5 | 10.69 | 8.65 | |
| Drinking status % | < 0.01 | |||||
| Never | 12.66 | 14.49 | 14.28 | 11.7 | 10.63 | |
| Former | 22.25 | 28 | 24.38 | 19.83 | 18.03 | |
| Mild | 45.54 | 36 | 45.02 | 47.42 | 51.73 | |
| Moderate | 12.71 | 12.96 | 11.29 | 13.68 | 12.92 | |
| Heavy | 6.84 | 8.55 | 5.03 | 7.37 | 6.69 | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 29.62(29.31,29.93) | 29.85(29.35,30.36) | 29.84(29.22,30.46) | 29.80(29.33,30.26) | 29.07(28.57,29.56) | 0.08 |
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1899.36 (1867.60,1931.12) |
1670.82 (1612.52,1729.12) |
1836.50 (1769.30,1903.71) |
1907.94 (1859.43,1956.45) |
2129.89 (2069.76,2190.02) |
< 0.01 |
| Physical activity (Yes) % | 70.66 | 63.59 | 72.36 | 72.77 | 72.64 | <0.01 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m2) | 75.94 (75.12,76.77) |
74.81 (73.36,76.25) |
75.96 (74.71,77.21) |
75.86 (74.30,77.42) |
76.90 (75.69,78.11) |
0.16 |
| Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/L) | 78.31 (76.58,80.05) |
74.02 (71.47,76.58) |
77.76 (75.04,80.48) |
81.04 (78.88,83.21) |
79.60 (76.87,82.34) |
< 0.01 |
| Systemic immune-inflammation index | 553.67 (539.27,568.08) |
581.23 (546.18,616.29) |
566.62 (535.64,597.61) |
551.73 (527.65,575.80) |
521.71 (501.85,541.57) |
0.01 |
| Use of medication % | 85.67 | 85.33 | 85.54 | 87.59 | 84.23 | 0.41 |
| S-Klotho level (pg/ml) | 815.59 (802.59,828.60) |
790.82 (773.13,808.51) |
819.91 (797.43,842.39) |
814.93 (794.51,835.34) |
831.67 (806.78,856.56) |
0.06 |
| Total Carotenoid (μg/day) | 9775.25 (8971.30,10579.21) |
823.71 (790.56, 856.86) |
3227.55 (3162.43, 3292.68) |
7711.46 (7576.70, 7846.22) |
24929.65 (22767.87,27091.44) |
< 0.01 |
| α-Carotene (μg/day) | 477.30 (389.28,565.32) |
33.87 (28.19, 39.55) |
159.88 (141.04, 178.73) |
526.14 (481.39, 570.89) |
1077.25 (783.97,1370.54) |
< 0.01 |
| β-Carotene (μg/day) | 2548.41 (2255.66,2841.16) |
225.47 (210.47, 240.46) |
847.46 (789.32, 905.60) |
2329.24 (2207.83,2450.64) |
6180.60 (5251.01,7110.19) |
< 0.01 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin (μg/day) | 88.40 (80.42,96.39) |
36.67 (31.14, 42.21) |
76.61 ( 66.35, 86.86) |
98.34 (81.90,114.79) |
130.67 (108.21,153.12) |
< 0.01 |
| Lycopene (μg/day) | 4943.17 (4524.48,5361.86) |
136.74 (112.71, 160.78) |
1293.31 (1198.89, 1387.74) |
3378.04 (3194.07, 3562.01) |
13642.37 (12444.97,14839.76) |
< 0.01 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin (μg/day) | 1717.97 (1536.96,1898.97) |
390.96 (362.57, 419.34) |
850.29 (787.99, 912.59) |
1379.69 (1281.66,1477.73) |
3898.76 (3350.39,4447.14) |
< 0.01 |
| Self-reported chronic diseases | ||||||
| CHD % | 8.83 | 9.47 | 7.81 | 8.99 | 9.13 | 0.73 |
| Cancer % | 23.64 | 24.13 | 22.95 | 24.46 | 23.11 | 0.89 |
| CHF % | 5.67 | 6.26 | 6.17 | 6.19 | 4.25 | 0.20 |
| Stroke % | 5.87 | 6.69 | 7.06 | 4.1 | 5.79 | 0.04 |
| Heart attack % | 7.34 | 8.26 | 7.1 | 7.51 | 6.68 | 0.72 |
| Hypertension % | 56.73 | 59.5 | 56.12 | 56.84 | 55.03 | 0.51 |
| Diabetes mellitus % | 19.43 | 18.91 | 20.29 | 19.85 | 18.64 | 0.34 |
Continuous variables are described as means ± 95%CI, and categorical variables are presented as percentages. All estimates accounted for complex survey designs. CHF, Congestive heart failure; CHD, Coronary heart disease. Quartile of dietary carotenoid intake (μg/day) with Q1 [0,1745], Q2 (1745,4963.5], Q3 (4963.5,11662.5], Q4 (11662.5,377178].