Table 4.
Stratified analysis of associations between carotenoid subgroups and serum Klotho level.
| Carotenoid subgroups (continuous) | Model III β(95%CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|
| Stratified by Gender | ||
| Female | ||
| α-Carotene | 8.55( -15.54, 32.63) | 0.48 |
| β-Carotene | 13.22( -3.83, 30.27) | 0.13 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 4.58( -2.99, 12.16) | 0.23 |
| Lycopene | 4.55( -8.25, 17.34) | 0.48 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | 1.91( -12.85, 16.67) | 0.80 |
| Male | ||
| α-Carotene | 10.99( 7.71, 14.27) | <0.01 |
| β-Carotene | 11.09( 7.02, 15.16) | <0.01 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 22.25( -11.25, 55.76) | 0.19 |
| Lycopene | -9.09( -19.12, 0.94) | 0.07 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | 14.42( 7.14, 21.69) | <0.01 |
| Stratified by body mass index | ||
| Normal weight | ||
| α-Carotene | 8.81( 3.90, 13.71) | <0.01 |
| β-Carotene | 11.5( 8.12, 14.88) | <0.01 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | -3.59( -28.91, 21.73) | 0.78 |
| Lycopene | -9.8( -29.36, 9.76) | 0.32 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | 13.34( 6.36, 20.32) | <0.01 |
| Overweight | ||
| α-Carotene | -1.95( -24.05, 20.14) | 0.86 |
| β-Carotene | -6.73( -26.98, 13.52) | 0.51 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 3.81( -2.30, 9.92) | 0.22 |
| Lycopene | 7( -7.50, 21.50) | 0.34 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | -12.52( -33.08, 8.05) | 0.23 |
| Obesity | ||
| α-Carotene | 40.6( -11.84, 93.05) | 0.13 |
| β-Carotene | 32.64( -1.35, 66.63) | 0.06 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 33.31(6.25, 60.38) | 0.02 |
| Lycopene | -9.65( -24.89, 5.58) | 0.21 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | 24.53( -2.84, 51.91) | 0.08 |
| Stratified by physical activity | ||
| With moderate physical activity | ||
| α-Carotene | 9.64( 3.54, 15.74) | <0.01 |
| β-Carotene | 10.71( 5.20, 16.21) | <0.01 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 5.52( -1.89, 12.92) | 0.14 |
| Lycopene | -2.61( -12.83, 7.62) | 0.61 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | 13.11( 5.27, 20.95) | <0.01 |
| Without moderate physical activity | ||
| α-Carotene | 28.95( -15.81, 73.70) | 0.20 |
| β-Carotene | 19.68( -3.67, 43.02) | 0.10 |
| β-Cryptoxanthin | 21.21( -21.48, 63.90) | 0.32 |
| Lycopene | -5.87( -23.10, 11.37) | 0.50 |
| Lutein with zeaxanthin | -1.46( -24.53, 21.61) | 0.90 |
Model III adjusted for year, age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education level, family income-to-poverty ratio, smoking status, drinking status, estimated glomerular filtration rate, body mass index, total energy intake, physical activity, medication use, systemic immune-inflammation index, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and self-reported chronic diseases. The strata variable was not considered when performing the stratification analysis.