Skip to main content
. 2023 Nov 10;9:106. doi: 10.1186/s40798-023-00650-z

Table 3.

Linear sprint times (s) reported in male, adolescent rugby league players according to age group, playing level, and playing position

Study Playing level Position Sample size (n) Age (years) Linear sprint distance Methods
10 m (s) 20 m (s) 30 m (s) 40 m (s) 60 m (s) Start distance from gate (m) Number of trials (measure) Equipment
12 years of age
Gabbett et al. [1]a Academy Forwards 13 12.5 ± 0.5 2.60 ± 0.12 4.24 ± 0.17 – 7.50 ± 0.35 – NR 2 (best) LG
Backs 14 12.3 ± 0.5 2.46 ± 0.14 4.04 ± 0.21 – 7.11 ± 0.42 –
13 years of age
Gabbett et al. [48] Academy All 53 13.2 ± 0.6 2.14 ± 0.19 3.63 ± 0.23 – 6.60 ± 0.47 – NR 3 (best) LG
Gabbett et al. [1]a Academy Forwards 7 13.5 ± 0.5 2.44 ± 0.11 3.99 ± 0.22 – 7.00 ± 0.65 – NR 2 (best) LG
Backs 10 13.7 ± 0.4 2.24 ± 0.13 3.70 ± 0.27 – 6.47 ± 0.55 –
Till et al. [51] Academy All 194 13.6 ± 0.3 1.94 ± 0.12 3.36 ± 0.17 4.73 ± 0.26 – 8.86 ± 0.56 0.5 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [8] Amateur All 249 13.6 ± 0.6 1.90 ± 0.14 3.29 ± 0.19 4.61 ± 0.27 – 8.60 ± 0.56 NR 3 (best) LG
Academy All 261 13.6 ± 0.6 1.88 ± 0.13 3.25 ± 0.17 4.54 ± 0.23 – 8.43 ± 0.45
Elite All 70 13.8 ± 0.7 1.85 ± 0.12 3.21 ± 0.16 4.51 ± 0.22 – 8.36 ± 0.49
Till et al. [50] Amateur All NR 13.6 ± 0.2 1.97 ± 0.09 3.41 ± 0.18 4.81 ± 0.26 – 9.17 ± 0.60 NR NR LG
Academy All NR 13.7 ± 0.1 1.94 ± 0.06 3.32 ± 0.13 4.67 ± 0.20 – 8.75 ± 0.44
Elite All NR 13.4 ± 0.3 1.95 ± 0.09 3.34 ± 0.15 4.66 ± 0.23 – 8.69 ± 0.49
Till et al. [102] Academy All NR 13.6 ± 0.2 1.96 ± 0.08 3.36 ± 0.16 4.70 ± 0.23 – 8.76 ± 0.54 0.5 3 (best) LG
Outside backs NR 13.7 ± 0.2 1.92 ± 0.09 3.28 ± 0.15 4.57 ± 0.23 – 8.44 ± 0.46
Pivots NR 13.5 ± 0.3 1.95 ± 0.09 3.38 ± 0.16 4.74 ± 0.24 – 8.88 ± 0.56
Props NR 13.6 ± 0.2 2.01 ± 0.08 3.47 ± 0.16 4.85 ± 0.24 – 9.10 ± 0.58
Backs NR 13.7 ± 0.2 1.95 ± 0.06 3.34 ± 0.12 4.72 ± 0.15 – 8.82 ± 0.39
Till et al. [39] Amateur All 50 13.6 ± 0.3 1.92 ± 0.13 3.37 ± 0.21 4.78 ± 0.28 – 9.07 ± 0.60 NR 3 (best) LG
Academy All 32 13.6 ± 0.2 1.88 ± 0.09 3.29 ± 0.14 4.66 ± 0.20 – 8.74 ± 0.44
Elite All 13 13.6 ± 0.3 1.87 ± 0.08 3.32 ± 0.14 4.70 ± 0.19 – 8.84 ± 0.36
Till et al. [45] Eliteb All 255 13.6 ± 0.3 1.95 ± 0.12 3.38 ± 0.20 4.75 ± 0.26 – 8.49 ± 0.55 NR 3 (best) LG
Elitec All 130 13.7 ± 0.2 1.91 ± 0.12 3.29 ± 0.14 4.61 ± 0.22 – –
Till et al. [95] Academy All NR 13.8 ± 0.1 1.95 ± 0.08 3.34 ± 0.14 4.67 ± 0.22 – 8.67 ± 0.50 0.5 3 (best) LG
14 years of age
Gabbett et al. [47] Academy All 14 14.1 ± 0.2 1.85 ± 0.02 3.20 ± 0.04 – 5.79 ± 0.08 – NR NR LG
Till et al. [39] Amateur All 92 14.5 ± 0.3 1.93 ± 0.10 3.32 ± 0.15 4.63 ± 0.23 – 8.61 ± 0.48 NR 3 (best) LG
Academy All 85 14.6 ± 0.3 1.90 ± 0.10 3.28 ± 0.15 4.58 ± 0.20 – 8.49 ± 0.44
Elite All 18 14.5 ± 0.3 1.86 ± 0.09 3.24 ± 0.13 4.52 ± 0.17 – 8.39 ± 0.37
Gabbett et al. [1]a Academy Forwards 11 14.5 ± 0.5 2.25 ± 0.07 3.72 ± 0.16 – 6.58 ± 0.39 – NR 2 (best) LG
Backs 12 14.6 ± 0.5 2.21 ± 0.13 3.62 ± 0.14 – 6.26 ± 0.19 –
Gabbett et al. [24] Academy All 23 14.5 ± 0.5 2.23 ± 0.12 – – 6.41 ± 0.35 – NR 2 (best) LG
Elite All 36 14.3 ± 0.9 1.89 ± 0.12 – – 5.65 ± 0.30 –
Till et al. [51] Academy All 227 14.6 ± 0.3 1.89 ± 0.10 3.27 ± 0.16 4.56 ± 0.22 – 8.48 ± 0.47 0.5 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [45] Eliteb All 309 14.6 ± 0.3 1.91 ± 0.09 3.29 ± 0.25 4.58 ± 0.22 – 8.49 ± 0.46 NR 3 (best) LG
Elitec All 86 14.6 ± 0.3 1.87 ± 0.10 3.21 ± 0.15 4.50 ± 0.21 – 8.32 ± 0.44
Till et al. [50] Amateur All NR 14.6 ± 0.2 1.95 ± 0.09 3.34 ± 0.15 4.67 ± 0.23 – 8.62 ± 0.51 NR NR LG
Academy All NR 14.7 ± 0.1 1.91 ± 0.07 3.23 ± 0.11 4.50 ± 0.17 – 8.28 ± 0.32
Elite All NR 14.4 ± 0.3 1.88 ± 0.10 3.22 ± 0.15 4.49 ± 0.21 – 8.33 ± 0.41
Till et al. [102] Academy All NR 14.6 ± 0.2 1.91 ± 0.08 3.26 ± 0.14 4.53 ± 0.20 – 8.39 ± 0.41 0.5 3 (best) LG
Outside backs NR 14.7 ± 0.2 1.87 ± 0.07 3.18 ± 0.11 4.41 ± 0.15 – 8.14 ± 0.30
Pivots NR 14.5 ± 0.3 1.92 ± 0.10 3.28 ± 0.17 4.56 ± 0.25 – 8.49 ± 0.52
Props NR 14.6 ± 0.2 1.95 ± 0.07 3.34 ± 0.11 4.66 ± 0.17 – 8.65 ± 0.35
Backs NR 14.7 ± 0.2 1.90 ± 0.07 3.26 ± 0.12 4.54 ± 0.17 – 8.39 ± 0.34
Till et al. [95] Academy All NR 14.8 ± 0.1 1.91 ± 0.08 3.25 ± 0.13 4.51 ± 0.19 – 8.34 ± 0.38 0.5 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [59] Academy All 31 NRg 1.94 ± 0.10 3.37 ± 0.17 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
15 years of age
Dobbin et al. [66] Academy All 235 15.1 ± 0.8 1.83 ± 0.11 3.16 ± 0.16 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Wingers - 15.1 ± 0.8 1.82 ± 0.09 3.12 ± 0.14 – – –
Centres - 15.1 ± 0.8 1.81 ± 0.12 3.13 ± 0.15 – – –
Halves - 15.1 ± 0.9 1.83 ± 0.13 3.19 ± 0.18 – – –
Hookers - 15.1 ± 0.1 1.85 ± 0.10 3.21 ± 0.17 – – –
Hit-up forwards - 15.1 ± 0.1 1.87 ± 0.11 3.22 ± 0.15 – – –
Backs - 15.1 ± 0.1 1.82 ± 0.11 3.15 ± 0.16 – – –
Gabbett et al. [48] Academy All 20 15.1 ± 0.6 1.97 ± 0.13 3.34 ± 0.25 – 5.97 ± 0.54 – NR 3 (best) LG
Waldron et al. [46] Academy All 13 15.1 ± 0.3 – 3.50 ± 0.10 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Gabbett et al. [1]a Academy Forwards 12 15.4 ± 0.9 2.22 ± 0.11 3.61 ± 0.16 – 6.17 ± 0.27 – NR 2 (best) LG
Backs 9 15.4 ± 0.5 2.17 ± 0.09 3.55 ± 0.12 – 6.00 ± 0.17 –
Tredrea et al. [60] Academy All 49 15.5 ± 0.6 1.93 ± 0.11 – – 5.75 ± 0.29 – 0.5 2 (best) LG
Elite All 51 15.5 ± 0.5 1.85 ± 0.12 – – 5.56 ± 0.26 –
Till et al. [51] Academy All 208, 178f 15.5 ± 0.3 1.86 ± 0.16 3.10 ± 0.18 4.45 ± 0.23 – 8.24 ± 0.37 0.5 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [50] Amateur All NR 15.6 ± 0.2 1.89 ± 0.08 3.22 ± 0.12 4.50 ± 0.17 – 8.27 ± 0.36 NR NR LG
Academy All NR 15.7 ± 0.1 1.89 ± 0.07 3.22 ± 0.15 4.44 ± 0.18 – 8.19 ± 0.39
Elite All NR 15.4 ± 0.3 1.86 ± 0.10 3.18 ± 0.14 4.38 ± 0.22 – 8.09 ± 0.42
Gabbett et al. [24] Academy All 28 15.6 ± 0.6 2.15 ± 0.17 – – 6.01 ± 0.34 – NR 2 (best) LG
Elite All 21 15.8 ± 0.3 1.81 ± 0.07 – – 5.42 ± 0.25 –
Till et al. [102] Academy All NR 15.6 ± 0.2 1.87 ± 0.08 3.18 ± 0.12 4.41 ± 0.19 – 8.10 ± 0.41 0.5 3 (best) LG
Outside backs NR 15.7 ± 0.2 1.83 ± 0.07 3.10 ± 0.11 4.28 ± 0.16 – 7.80 ± 0.35
Pivots NR 15.5 ± 0.3 1.87 ± 0.07 3.19 ± 0.10 4.45 ± 0.17 – 8.19 ± 0.35
Props NR 15.6 ± 0.2 1.91 ± 0.07 3.25 ± 0.11 4.48 ± 0.17 – 8.30 ± 0.29
Backs NR 15.7 ± 0.2 1.88 ± 0.08 3.21 ± 0.11 4.49 ± 0.17 – 8.27 ± 0.39
Till et al. [39] Amateur All 107 15.6 ± 0.3 1.87 ± 0.16 3.21 ± 0.19 4.47 ± 0.24 – 8.28 ± 0.42 NR 3 (best) LG
Academy All 144 15.6 ± 0.3 1.87 ± 0.15 3.20 ± 0.18 4.46 ± 0.24 – 8.23 ± 0.41
Elite All 39 15.5 ± 0.3 1.82 ± 0.14 3.14 ± 0.15 4.38 ± 0.17 – 8.10 ± 0.30
Till et al. [45] Eliteb All 306 15.6 ± 0.3 1.86 ± 0.14 3.19 ± 0.17 4.43 ± 0.22 – 8.17 ± 0.41 NR 3 (best) LG
Elitec All 86 15.6 ± 0.3 1.85 ± 0.14 3.17 ± 0.17 4.40 ± 0.23 – 8.10 ± 0.43
Till et al. [61] Academy All 35 15.7 ± 0.2 1.81 ± 0.07 3.12 ± 0.11 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [95] Academy All NR 15.8 ± 0.1 1.88 ± 0.08 3.19 ± 0.12 4.40 ± 0.17 – 8.07 ± 0.37 0.5 3 (best) LG
Gabbett et al. [14] Academy All 36 15.9 ± 0.6 1.94 ± 0.11 3.28 ± 0.18 – 5.83 ± 0.35 – NR 3 (best) LG
Hit-up forwards 15.8 ± 0.7 2.06 ± 0.09 3.50 ± 0.16 – 6.28 ± 0.31 –
Adjustables 15.7 ± 0.4 1.91 ± 0.06 3.25 ± 0.08 – 5.77 ± 0.19 –
Outside backse 16.1 ± 0.7 1.88 ± 0.07 3.18 ± 0.09 – 5.62 ± 0.15 –
Gabbett et al. [38] Academy All 13 15.9 ± 0.6 1.94 ± 0.13 0 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [96] Academy All 67 NRh 1.82 ± 0.07 3.13 ± 0.11 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Forwards 37 NRh 1.85 ± 0.06 3.18 ± 0.09 – – –
Backs 30 NRh 1.78 ± 0.06 3.07 ± 0.11 – – –
16 years of age
Gabbett et al. [14] Academy Alld 36 15.9 ± 0.6 1.94 ± 0.11 3.28 ± 0.18 – 5.83 ± 0.35 – NR 3 (best) LG
Hit-up forwards 15.8 ± 0.7 2.06 ± 0.09 3.50 ± 0.16 – 6.28 ± 0.31 –
Adjustables 15.7 ± 0.4 1.91 ± 0.06 3.25 ± 0.08 – 5.77 ± 0.19 –
Outside backse 16.1 ± 0.7 1.88 ± 0.07 3.18 ± 0.09 – 5.62 ± 0.15 –
Elite Alld 28 16.0 ± 0.2 1.81 ± 0.08 3.11 ± 0.12 – 5.56 ± 0.22 – NR 3 (best) LG
Hit-up forwards 15.9 ± 0.4 1.85 ± 0.06 3.18 ± 0.09 – 5.69 ± 0.17 –
Adjustablese 16.0 ± 0.2 1.81 ± 0.06 3.12 ± 0.11 – 5.58 ± 0.20 –
Outside backse 16.0 ± 0.2 1.76 ± 0.09 3.03 ± 0.12 – 5.40 ± 0.22 –
Gabbett et al. [38] Academy All 28 16.0 ± 0.2 1.81 ± 0.08 – – – 0 3 (best) LG
Waldron et al. [46] Academy All 13 16.2 ± 0.3 – 3.4 ± 0.2 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Gabbett et al. [48] Academy All 15 16.5 ± 0.3 1.94 ± 0.09 3.26 ± 0.18 – 5.80 ± 0.39 – NR 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [61] Academy All 44 16.7 ± 0.2 1.80 ± 0.06 3.11 ± 0.09 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Coutts et al. [64] Academy All 21 16.6 ± 1.2 2.14 ± 0.09 3.47 ± 0.11 – – – NR 2 (best) LG
Academy All 21 16.8 ± 1.0 2.16 ± 0.08 3.46 ± 0.08 – – –
Gabbet et al. [49] Academy All 36 16.9 ± 0.6 1.80 ± 0.07 3.08 ± 0.09 – 5.48 ± 0.21 – NR 2 (best) LG
Gabbett et al. [47] Academy All 21 16.9 ± 0.3 1.83 ± 0.02 3.14 ± 0.03 – 5.64 ± 0.06 – NR NR LG
Gabbett et al.[24] Academy All 25 16.9 ± 0.3 2.08 ± 0.19 – – 5.92 ± 0.34 NR 2 (best) LG
Elite All 18 16.8 ± 0.3 1.83 ± 0.11 – – 5.46 ± 0.29 –
Till et al. [96] Academy All 45 NRi 1.81 ± 0.06 3.12 ± 0.10 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Forwards 25 NRi 1.83 ± 0.07 3.16 ± 0.11 – – –
Backs 20 NRi 1.78 ± 0.04 3.07 ± 0.07 – – –
Till et al. [103] Academy All 37 NR 1.81 ± 0.06 3.12 ± 0.09 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Elite All 13 NR 1.80 ± 0.05 3.10 ± 0.09 – – –
Till et al. [59] Academy All 75 NRi 1.83 ± 0.07 3.16 ± 0.12 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
17 years of age
Waldron et al. [46] Academy All 13 17.0 ± 0.3 – 3.3 ± 0.1 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Dobbin et al. [62] Academy All 50 17.1 ± 1.1 1.90 ± 0.11 3.23 ± 0.20 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Dobbin et al. [42] Academy All 16 17.2 ± 0.7 1.79 ± 0.08 3.06 ± 0.12 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Pearce et al. [72] Academy All 52 17.2 ± 0.5 – – 4.31 ± 0.16 – – NR 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [97] Academy All 16 17.3 ± 0.7 1.81 ± 0.1 3.11 ± 0.1 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Dobbin et al. [65] Academy All 197 17.4 ± 1.0 1.84 ± 0.11 3.10 ± 0.15 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Back Row 17.5 ± 0.8 1.80 ± 0.08 3.05 ± 0.13 – – –
Centre 17.2 ± 0.9 1.81 ± 0.08 3.06 ± 0.11 – – –
Forward 17.3 ± 0.5 1.86 ± 0.16 3.12 ± 0.16 – – –
Full back 17.4 ± 0.9 1.81 ± 0.12 3.05 ± 0.11 – – –
Half Back 17.3 ± 1.1 1.83 ± 0.10 3.08 ± 0.22 – – –
Hooker 17.2 ± 1.2 1.83 ± 0.11 3.06 ± 0.20 – – –
Loose Forward 17.5 ± 0.8 1.87 ± 0.10 3.15 ± 0.14 – – –
Prop 17.2 ± 0.9 1.89 ± 0.13 3.23 ± 0.15 – – –
Scrum Half 17.3 ± 1.4 1.82 ± 0.12 3.05 ± 0.13 – – –
Second Row 17.9 ± 1.4 1.83 ± 0.12 3.11 ± 0.13 – – –
Stand-Off 18.0 ± 0.6 1.91 ± 0.14 3.22 ± 0.15 – – –
Winger 17.4 ± 1.1 1.76 ± 0.07 3.00 ± 0.13 – – –
Dobbin et al. [104] Academy All 67 17.4 ± 1.0 1.86 ± 0.07 3.15 ± 0.10 4.36 ± 0.14 – – 0.3 2 (worse) LG
Tredrea et al. [60] Academy All 41 17.4 ± 0.7 1.86 ± 0.08 – – 5.57 ± 0.23 – 0.5 2 (best) LG
Elite All 19 17.0 ± 0.7 1.76 ± 0.07 – – 5.44 ± 0.20 –
Dobbin et al. [66] Elite Alld 365 17.5 ± 2.0 1.84 ± 0.11 3.15 ± 0.16 – – – 0.3 2 (best) LG
Wingers 17.5 ± 2.0 1.80 ± 0.09 3.08 ± 0.15 – – –
Centres 17.5 ± 2.0 1.81 ± 0.09 3.10 ± 0.13 – – –
Halves 17.5 ± 2.1 1.83 ± 0.09 3.12 ± 0.14 – – –
Hookers 17.5 ± 2.2 1.83 ± 0.09 3.11 ± 0.16 – – –
Hit-up forwards 17.5 ± 2.3 1.91 ± 0.10 3.28 ± 0.15 – – –
Backs 17.5 ± 2.4 1.85 ± 0.12 3.16 ± 0.15 – – –
Gabbett et al. [22]a Academy Props 37 17.6 ± 2.4 2.14 ± 0.19 3.62 ± 0.21 – 6.18 ± 0.42 – NR 2 (best) LG
Hookers 31 17.3 ± 1.1 2.04 ± 0.22 3.38 ± 0.29 – 5.89 ± 0.38 –
Back rowers 36 17.2 ± 1.8 2.07 ± 0.27 3.47 ± 0.31 – 5.89 ± 0.49 –
Lockse 11 16.5 ± 1.5 2.07 ± 0.18 3.49 ± 0.22 – 5.93 ± 0.36 –
Halvese 27 16.7 ± 1.5 1.95 ± 0.21 3.52 ± 0.10 – 5.62 ± 0.38 –
Five eighthe 11 16.7 ± 1.6 1.93 ± 0.16 3.27 ± 0.06 – 5.71 ± 0.16 –
Centres 27 17.0 ± 2.3 2.02 ± 0.23 3.34 ± 0.23 – 5.71 ± 0.33 –
Wingers 39 17.7 ± 2.2 2.18 ± 0.26 3.49 ± 0.28 – 5.94 ± 0.51 –
Fullbacks 21 17.4 ± 2.0 2.16 ± 0.13 3.39 ± 0.22 – 5.84 ± 0.21 –
Nicholson et al. [56] Academy All 20 17.6 ± 0.9 2.15 ± 0.12 3.46 ± 0.18 4.68 ± 0.24 5.87 ± 0.30 – NR 2 RG
Forwards 2.17 ± 0.13 3.50 ± 0.19 4.73 ± 0.24 5.96 ± 0.29 –
Backs 2.12 ± 0.11 3.38 ± 0.16 4.57 ± 0.21 5.71 ± 0.27 –
Till et al. [61] Academy All 34 17.7 ± 0.3 1.80 ± 0.06 3.09 ± 0.11 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Darrel-Jones et al. [63] Academy All 14 17.7 ± 0.6 1.79 ± 0.04 3.10 ± 0.06 4.30 ± 0.10 5.57 ± 0.11 – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Gabbett et al. [1]a Academy Forwards 10 17.8 ± 0.8 2.19 ± 0.13 3.57 ± 0.15 – 6.20 ± 0.24 – NR 2 (best) LG
Backs 12 17.3 ± 0.8 2.19 ± 0.16 3.53 ± 0.19 – 6.01 ± 0.25 –
Gabbett et al. [23]a Academy All 36 17.9 ± 0.4 1.82 ± 0.25 3.12 ± 0.43 – 5.56 ± 0.87 – NR 2 (best) LG
Till et al. [59] Academy All 64 NRj 1.82 ± 0.06 3.14 ± 0.10 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [96] Academy All 49 NRj 1.80 ± 0.06 3.09 ± 0.10 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Forwards 27 NRj 1.81 ± 0.06 3.11 ± 0.11 – – –
Backs 22 NRj 1.78 ± 0.05 3.06 ± 0.09 – – –
Till et al. [103] Academy All 41 NRj 1.80 ± 0.06 3.11 ± 0.10 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Elite All 19 NRj 1.79 ± 0.06 3.06 ± 0.10 – – –
18 years of age
Till et al. [61] Academy All 16 18.7 ± 0.2 1.81 ± 0.08 3.09 ± 0.13 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Kirkpatrick et al. [13] Elite Forwards 12 18.8 ± 1.1 2.06 ± 0.10 3.39 ± 0.17 – 5.80 ± 0.26 – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Backs 12 18.7 ± 0.8 1.99 ± 0.6 3.26 ± 0.70 – 5.55 ± 0.13 –
Pearce et al. [72] Academy All 53 18.9 ± 0.6 – – 4.21 ± 0.20 – – NR 3 (best) LG
Till et al. [96] Academy All 39 NRk 1.82 ± 0.07 3.11 ± 0.12 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Forwards 23 NRk 1.83 ± 0.08 3.14 ± 0.12 – – –
Backs 16 NRk 1.79 ± 0.07 3.04 ± 0.08 – – –
Till et al. [103] Academy All 30 NRk 1.80 ± 0.05 3.10 ± 0.09 – – – 0.5 3 (best) LG
Elite All 19 NRk 1.80 ± 0.09 3.09 ± 0.14 – – –

NR not reported, – not tested, All players combined across all positions, LG electronic light gates used for measuring sprint time, RG radar gun used for measuring sprint time

aReported 95% confidence intervals, which were converted to standard deviation according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0

bPlayers classified as elite by definition used in this review but as ‘regional’ by the authors

cPlayers classified as elite by definition used in this review but as ‘national’ by the authors

dTotal sample size (all positions combined) was reported rather than independently for each position

eSample age reported across multiple years, and across various playing positions (data allocated according to weighted mean age (15.8 years of age))

fSample size for each sprint distance varied so data are reported separately for 10-m (n = 208), 20-m (n = 208), 30-m (n = 178), 40-m (n = 178) and 60-m (n = 178) sprint trials in order

gAge provided categorically as under 14 years instead of being reported as mean ± standard deviation

hAge provided categorically as under 15 years instead of being reported as mean ± standard deviation

iAge provided categorically as under 16 years instead of being reported as mean ± standard deviation

jAge provided categorically as under 17 years instead of being reported as mean ± standard deviation

kAge provided categorically as under 18 years instead of being reported as mean ± standard deviation