Table 2.

Bioenergetic model parameters and constants with optimized individual values from the parameter estimation as mean ± SD (n = 14), initial values used in the parameter estimation, allowed ranges, and a brief description

Parameter	Optimized	Initial	Range	Description
$E_{\mathrm{al},\max }$ (kW)	16.3 ± 1.7	21.0	–	Alactic energy capacity
${\tau }_{\mathrm{ae}}$ (s)	25.8 ± 1.4	25	[10; 100]	Time constant of aerobic system
${\mathrm{MR}}_{\mathrm{rest}}$ (W)	143 ± 27	135 ± 26a	[70; 220]	Metabolic rate at rest w/o ventilation
${\mathrm{MR}}_{\mathrm{lt}}$ (W)	952 ± 121	960 ± 103b	[70%; 130%]c	Metabolic rate at lactate threshold
${\mathrm{MR}}_{\mathrm{ae},\max }$ (W)	1649 ± 114	1674 ± 113a	[100%; 105%]c	Maximum aerobic metabolic rate
${\dot{V}}_{E,max}$ (L·min−1)	–	197 ± 12a	Constant	Maximum minute ventilation
$A_{\mathrm{f}}$ (W)	158 ± 20	143, 158	[50; 250]	Y-intercept of fundamental work
$B_{\mathrm{f}}$	2.96 ± 0.09	2.8	[2.2; 3.5]	Linear factor of fundamental work
$A_{\mathrm{ve}}$ (W)	182 ± 23	8.8%d	[5%; 15%]d	Max metabolic rate due to ventilation
$B_{\mathrm{ve}}$	0.93 ± 0.02	0.9	[0;1]	Linear-quadratic distribution factor of MRve
$A_{\mathrm{acc}}$ (W)	114 ± 20	3.8%d, 4.2%d	[0%; 15%]d	Max metabolic rate due to [mLa−]
$B_{\mathrm{acc}}$	0.97 ± 0.08	1	[0; 1]	Linear-quadratic distribution factor of MRacc
$A_{\mathrm{red}}$	0.48 ± 0.06%e	0.48%e, 0.53%e	[0.3%; 0.7%]e	Max amplitude of [mLa−] reduction
${\eta }_{\mathrm{al}}$	0.41 ± 0.01	0.40, 0.45	[0.4; 0.5]	Efficiency of alactic recovery
$V_{\mathrm{m}}$ (kW L mol−1)	41.7 ± 2.1	38.8, 41.2	[50%; 150%]c	Lactate volume capacity of active muscles
${\tau }_{\mathrm{la}}$ (s)	12.87 ± 0.52	11.9, 13.1	[10; 15]	Time constant of lactic system
$K$	–	0.8	Constant	Dampening factor of lactic system

All combinations of the initial values were used in the parameter estimation, totaling 64 initial value combinations. Initial values reported as mean ± SD indicate that individual initial values based on P1a and/or P2 were used. K was set to 0.8 for all subjects based on preliminary parameter estimations

^aIndividual values taken from P2 measurements

^bIndividual values taken from P1a measurements

^cPercentage of initial parameter value

^dPercentage of ${\mathrm{MR}}_{\mathrm{ae},\max }$ initial value

^ePercentage of V_m initial value