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. 2023 Sep 9;22(2):1073–1082. doi: 10.1007/s40200-023-01289-z

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

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Fig. 4 — Potential mechanism(s) of action of melatonin in diabetes. PLC: phospholipase C, PKA: protein kinase A, GSH: reduced glutathione, GSSG: oxidized glutathione, GPx: glutathione peroxidase, Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, AKT: protein kinase B, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase, SIRT1: silent information regulator 1, FoXO1: fork head box protein O1, AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase,, ROS: reactive oxygen species, NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. (Original figure by the authors)