Table 3.
Multivariable multinomial logistic regression results for the association between delivery method and weight status based on BMI z-score percentiles at age 1 year, 3 years, and 6 years.
| (comparison: 25th -75th percentile) | BMI z-score at age 1 year | BMI z-score at age 3 years | BMI z-score at age 6 years | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 25th percentile | ≥ 75th percentile | < 25th percentile | ≥ 75th percentile | < 25th percentile | ≥ 75th percentile | |||||||
| ORa | (95% CI) | ORa | (95% CI) | ORa | (95% CI) | ORa | (95% CI) | ORa | (95% CI) | ORa | (95% CI) | |
| Delivery method (vs. vaginal) | ||||||||||||
| Cesarean section | 0.94 | (0.67–1.31) | 0.97 | (0.69–1.36) | 0.90 | (0.62–1.32) | 0.98 | (0.67–1.42) | 0.85 | (0.54–1.34) | 0.71 | (0.45–1.12) |
| Maternal age (vs. < 30) | ||||||||||||
| 30–34 | 1.01 | (0.55–1.86) | 1.08 | (0.56–2.09) | 1.35 | (0.66–2.78) | 2.89 | (0.95–8.75) | 0.75 | (0.31–1.83) | 1.10 | (0.36–3.37) |
| 35–39 | 1.09 | (0.60–1.95) | 1.04 | (0.55–1.96) | 1.09 | (0.54–2.19) | 3.88 | (1.32–11.40) | 0.68 | (0.28–1.61) | 1.31 | (0.44–3.89) |
| ≥ 40 | 1.27 | (0.68–2.38) | 1.10 | (0.56–2.18) | 1.49 | (0.72–3.12) | 4.24 | (1.40–12.84) | 0.69 | (0.28–1.69) | 1.05 | (0.34–3.25) |
| Maternal education (vs. high school or less) | ||||||||||||
| Community college | 0.53 | (0.30–0.94) | 1.20 | (0.60–2.42) | 0.80 | (0.40–1.60) | 1.13 | (0.49–2.62) | 0.63 | (0.27–1.43) | 1.31 | (0.47–3.63) |
| University | 0.54 | (0.32–0.93) | 1.48 | (0.75–2.90) | 0.59 | (0.30–1.16) | 1.37 | (0.61–3.08) | 0.44 | (0.20–0.97) | 1.04 | (0.38–2.81) |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (vs. < 18.5) | ||||||||||||
| 18.5–25 | 0.67 | (0.47–0.94) | 1.95 | (1.24–3.05) | 0.81 | (0.54–1.22) | 1.53 | (0.95–2.46) | 0.54 | (0.34–0.86) | 2.26 | (1.21–4.25) |
| > 25 | 0.43 | (0.19–0.98) | 4.03 | (2.02–8.03) | 0.52 | (0.21–1.28) | 2.51 | (1.17–5.42) | 0.67 | (0.19–2.40) | 7.94 | (2.77–22.79) |
| Gestational age (vs. < 37 weeks) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 37 weeks | 0.85 | (0.40–1.81) | 0.55 | (0.25–1.21) | 1.18 | (0.48–2.87) | 0.47 | (0.20–1.11) | 2.11 | (0.54–8.19) | 0.48 | (0.18–1.27) |
| Birth weight (vs. 2500–4000) | ||||||||||||
| < 2500 | 1.22 | (0.74–2.01) | 0.36 | (0.18–0.72) | 1.98 | (1.11–3.52) | 0.40 | (0.18–0.89) | 1.36 | (0.67–2.74) | 0.77 | (0.35–1.67) |
| > 4000 | 0.41 | (0.05–3.51) | 1.59 | (0.42–6.07) | - | - | 1.97 | (0.38–10.14) | 0.62 | (0.06–6.17) | 1.44 | (0.23–9.00) |
BMI = body mass index; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.
aOdds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using multinomial logistic regression including the variables shown in the table.