Table 1.
Study cohort characteristics by presence of fluid overload within 72 h of ICU admission.
| All (n = 391) | Fluid overload (n = 49) | No fluid overload (n = 342) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICU baseline | ||||
| Age ≥ 65 years | 202 (51.7) | 19 (38.8) | 183 (53.5) | 0.08 |
| Male sex | 213 (54.5) | 23 (46.9) | 190 (55.6) | 0.33 |
| Chronic comorbidities | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 13 (3.3) | 1 (2.0) | 12 (3.5) | 0.06 |
| Heart failure | 19 (4.9) | 2 (4.1) | 17 (4.9) | 0.06 |
| Admission to medical ICU | 156 (39.9) | 24 (48.9) | 132 (38.6) | 0.22 |
| Primary ICU admission diagnosis | ||||
| Cardiac | 81 (20.7) | 3 (6.1) | 78 (22.8) | 0.06 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 13 (3.3) | 1 (2.0) | 12 (3.5) | |
| Hepatic | 6 (1.5) | 1 (2.0) | 5 (1.5) | |
| Pulmonary | 58 (14.8) | 8 (16.3) | 50 (14.6) | |
| Sepsis/septic shock | 29 (7.4) | 7 (14.3) | 22 (6.4) | |
| Trauma | 10 (2.6) | 3 (6.1) | 7 (2.0) | |
| 24 h after ICU admission | ||||
| Severity of illness, mean (SD) | ||||
| APACHE II Score | 15.7 (6.6) | 17.5 (7.0) | 15.4 (6.6) | 0.06 |
| SOFA Score | 8.3 (3.3) | 9.9 (4.6) | 8.2 (3.1) | 0.07 |
| Supportive devices | ||||
| Any renal replacement therapy | 5 (1.3) | 1 (2.0) | 4 (1.2) | 1.00 |
| Any mechanical ventilation | 140 (35.8) | 21 (42.9) | 119 (34.8) | 0.53 |
| Serum laboratory values | ||||
| Albumin < 3 mg/dL | 88 (22.5) | 18 (36.7) | 70 (20.5) | 0.02 |
| Bicarbonate < 22 mEq/L | 74 (18.9) | 14 (28.6) | 60 (17.5) | 0.16 |
| Bicarbonate > 29 mEq/L | 64 (16.4) | 6 (12.2) | 58 (16.9) | |
| Creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL | 28 (7.2) | 7 (14.3) | 21 (6.1) | 0.02 |
| Chloride ≥ 110 mEq/L | 125 (31.9) | 19 (38.8) | 106 (30.9) | 0.33 |
| Potassium ≥ 5.5 mEq/L | 19 (4.9) | 5 (10.2) | 14 (4.1) | 0.12 |
| Lactate ≥ 2 mmol/L | 67 (17.1) | 16 (32.7) | 51 (14.9) | 0.01 |
| Sodium ≥ 148 mEq/L | 22 (5.6) | 6 (12.2) | 16 (4.7) | 0.01 |
| Sodium < 134 mEq/L | 33 (8.4) | 4 (8.1) | 29 (8.5) | |
| Fluid balance (mL), mean (SD) | 570 (1960) | 1840 (301) | 390 (168) | < 0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 50 (12.8) | 14 (28.6) | 26 (10.5) | < 0.001 |
| Medications | ||||
| MRC-ICU, mean (SD) | 11.8 (8.7) | 13.4 (8.4) | 11.5 (8.7) | 0.06 |
| Any vasopressor | 119 (30.4) | 16 (32.6) | 103 (30.1) | 0.85 |
| Any continuous infusions | 249 (63.6) | 34 (69.3) | 215 (62.8) | 0.47 |
| Infusions/patient, mean (SD) | 2.29 (3.3) | 1.98 (2.2) | 2.33 (3.4) | 0.35 |
Data are presented as n (%) unless otherwise stated.