Table 2.

Associations between unweighted genetic risk scores (GRS) for insulin secretion and sensitivity-related traits and fetal growth.

Trait	Fasting insulin GRS (FI)		First phase insulin release GRS (FPIR)		Insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia GRS (IR + DLD)		Insulin sensitivity GRS (IS)
	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P	β (95% CI)	P
Fetal weight (g) (incl. birth weight)	4.63e−05 (− 4.27e−05; 1.35e−04)	0.518	8.75e−05 (− 2.60e−05; 2.01e−04)	0.030	7.58e−06 (− 6.28e−05;7.80e−05)	0.617	9.48e−05 (− 8.71e−05; 2.77e−04)	0.293
Fetal weight (g) (excl. birth weight)	3.52e−05 (− 2.20e−05; 9.23e−05)	0.147	5.84e−05 (− 1.47e−05; 1.32e−04)	0.043	3.25e−06 (− 4.20e−05; 4.85e−05)	0.316	3.77e−05 (− 7.93e−05; 1.55e−04)	0.300
Occipitofrontal diameter (mm)	4.87e−07 (− 1.52e−06; 2.49e−06)	0.443	2.05e−07 (− 2.36e−06; 2.76e−06)	0.840	1.17e−06 (− 4.12e−07; 2.75e−06)	0.086	2.37e−06 (− 1.72e−06; 6.46e−06)	0.281
Biparietal diameter (mm)	1.71e−06 (− 3.99e−08; 3.47e−06)	0.035	8.91e−07 (− 1.35e−06; 3.14e−06)	0.641	4.26e−07 (− 9.61e−07; 1.81e−06)	0.653	1.28e−06 (− 2.32e−06; 4.88e−06)	0.544
Abdominal circumference (mm)	3.45e−06 (− 2.60e−06; 9.49e−06)	0.272	6.55e−06 (− 1.16e−06; 1.43e−05)	0.094	6.61e−07 (− 4.12e−06; 5.44e−06)	0.506	4.40e−06 (− 7.96e−06; 1.68e−05)	0.296
Femur length (mm)	4.09e−07 (− 6.83e−07; 1.50e−06)	0.377	1.57e−06 (1.87e−07; 2.97e−06)	0.026	2.01e−07 (− 6.62e−07; 1.06–06)	0.648	4.06e−07 (− 1.83e−06; 2.64e−06)	0.489

Fetal growth was modelled using linear mixed regression. Data is presented as raw parameter estimates (β) and estimates are transformed to the original scale with respective 95% confidence intervals. Beta values represent the additive per allele effect of the GRS on change in daily proportional weight gain. All traits are measured by ultrasound during pregnancy at 20, 25 and 32 weeks. Birthweight was measured at birth.

Significant values are in bold.