Table 3.

Associations between unweighted genetic risk scores (GRS) for insulin secretion and sensitivity-related traits with placental weight at birth and fetal blood flow measures.

Trait	Fasting insulin GRS		First phase insulin release GRS		Insulin resistance GRS		Insulin sensitivity GRS
	β (95% CI)	P	β (SD)	P	β (SD)	P	β (SD)	P
Placental weight at birth (g)	− 2.04 (− 4.31; 0.22)	0.048	0.62 (− 2.30; 3.54)	0.349	− 1.82 (− 3.61; − 0.04)	0.024	7.44 (2.88; 12.0)	0.0014
Placental ratio (placental weight/ birth weight)	− 0.0008 (− 0.0017; 0.0002)	0.117	− 0.0007 (− 0.002; 0.0005)	0.272	− 0.0002 (− 0.0009; 0.0006)	0.675	0.0009 (− 0.001; 0.003)	0.338
Birth weight (g)	1.185 (− 11.4716; 13.8410)	0.854	15.8209 (− 0.2251; 31.8670)	0.051	− 5.4828 (− 15.4618; 4.4962)	0.236	13.5481 (− 12.2277; 39.3241)	0.348
Small for gestational age at birth (SGA)	− 0.0062 (− 0.1110; 0.0985)	0.907	0.0148 (− 0.1194; 0.1491)	0.829	0.0408 (− 0.0429; 0.1246)	0.339	0.0254 (− 0.1866; 0.2375)	0.814
Large for gestational age at birth (LGA)	− 0.0521 (− 0.2143; 0.1100)	0.528	− 0.1267 (− 0.3260; 0.0726)	0.213	− 0.0936 (− 0.2137; 0.0266)	0.127	0.0703 (− 0.2593; 0.3999)	0.676
Umbilical flow (PI)	0.002 (0.001; 0.005)	0.209	0.001 (− 0.003; 0.005)	0.615	0.0007 (− 0.002; 0.003)	0.591	0.0004 (− 0.006; 0.007)	0.957
Middle cerebral artery flow (PI)	0.0052 (− 0.024; 0.035)	0.797	− 0.0179 (− 0.056; 0.020)	0.345	− 0.0267 (− 0.051; − 0.002)	0.047	0.042 (− 0.018; 0.103)	0.191

Placental weight, placental ratio (placental weight/birthweight), and birthweight were modelled using linear regression. SGA and LGA were modelled using logistic regression. Flow parameters were modelled using generalized linear regression. Data are presented as raw parameter estimates (β) and estimates are transformed to the original scale with respective 95% confidence intervals. SGA indicates a birthweight less than 10th percentile for the gestational age. LGA indicates a birthweight above the 90th percentile for the gestational age.

Significant values are in bold.