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. 2023 Nov 10;8:432. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01684-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Gene Differential Expression Analysis in BALF of COVID-19 Patients. a Volcano plot comparing gene expression between the survival and non-survival groups of COVID-19 patients. 489 genes were up-regulated and 187 genes were down-regulated in the survival group (abs(FC) > 1.5, p-value < 0.05), including red-highlighted genes that were functionally characterized or implicated in subsequent analyses. b Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis (Biological Process) of the differentially expressed genes identified in (a), where the representative genes involved in each GO term are indicated in parentheses. c Volcano plot displaying genes with differential expression between COVID-19 patients and HAP/CAP patients, which are also differentially expressed in the survival group of COVID-19 patients. These genes are specific to COVID-19 survival patients and include 268 up-regulated and 97 down-regulated genes. d KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes identified in (c). HAP/CAP patients (n = 27), COVID-19 patients (n = 63), non-survivors of the invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients (n = 45), survivors of the invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients (n = 18)