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. 2023 Nov 10;8:432. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01684-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Alternation of microbiome and virulence factors in COVID-19 and HAP/CAP patients. a Composition and relative abundance of the top 10 viruses in invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients. b Relative abundance of the top ten bacterial phylum levels in invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients. c Relative abundance of fungi belonging to the genus Candida in COVID-19 patients. d Box plot of differential virus between invasive ventilated COVID-19 and HAP/CAP patients, significance was derived from Wilcoxon tests. e Box plot of differential bacteria between invasive ventilated COVID-19 and HAP/CAP patients, significance was derived from Wilcoxon tests. f Box plot of significantly different fungi between invasive ventilated COVID-19 and HAP/CAP patients. g Box plot of significantly different bacterium between survivors and non-survivors of the invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients. h Box plot of significantly different fungi between survivors and non-survivors of the invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients. i Relative abundance of the top ten virulence factors in invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients. j Heatmap of significantly different virulence factors between survivors and non-survivors of invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients. k Heatmap of differential virulence factors between invasive ventilated COVID-19 and HAP/CAP patients. HAP/CAP patients (n = 27), COVID-19 patients (n = 63), non-survivors of the invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients (n = 45), survivors of the invasive ventilated COVID-19 patients (n = 18). One-tailed wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for all significance statistics, *p-value < 0.05, **p-value < 0.01, ***p-value < 0.001, ****p-value < 0.0001