Fig. 1. Schematic diagrams of multi-group fine-mapping.

Diagrams are shown for two groups and two traits, and the methods are available for at most six groups and six traits. a In MGflashfm (multi-group multi-trait fine-mapping), multi-SNP models for each trait are first constructed within each group, using appropriate LD for the group. Within each group, multi-trait fine-mapping then leverages information between the traits while making use of group-specific LD. Trait-adjusted model PPs within each group are then jointly assessed across groups; b In MGfm (multi-group single-trait fine-mapping), multi-SNP models for each trait are first constructed within each group, using the group-specific LD. Then, in parallel, trait models within each group are jointly assessed across groups, independently of the other trait. For both MGfm and MGflashfm, the final output for each trait is the credible set variants, as well as the multi-group marginal PP (mgMPP) of each variant being causal, as well as other variant-specific details.