Table 4.
Longitudinal association of subjective cognitive complaints, APOE ε4 genotype, and blood biomarkers with risk of depression over 17-year follow-up among participants without dementia (ESTHER cohort)
| Incident depression (n = 505), N (%) | No incident depression (n = 4065), N (%) | Model 1a odds ratio (95%CI), p-valuec | Model 2b odds ratio (95%CI), p-valuec | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjective cognitive complaints | ||||
| No | 131 (25.9) | 1310 (32.2) | Reference | Reference |
| Occasional | 309 (61.2) | 2373 (58.4) | 1.41 (1.13–1.76), 0.0022 | 1.43 (1.15–1.80), 0.0025 |
| Persistent | 65 (12.9) | 382 (9.4) | 2.05 (1.46–2.87), < 0.0001 | 2.00 (1.41–2.84), 0.0001 |
| APOE ε4 | ||||
| APOE ε4 − d | 349 (69.1) | 2885 (71.0) | Reference | Reference |
| APOE ε4e | 130 (25.7) | 960 (23.6) | 1.06 (0.85–1.32), 0.5960 | 1.07 (0.85–1.33), 0.5800 |
| Subgroup with biomarker measurements | n = 44 | n = 360 | ||
| GFAP | ||||
| GFAPQ1–3 | 35 (79.6) | 263 (73.1) | Reference | Reference |
| GFAPQ4 | 9 (20.4) | 95 (26.4) | 0.66 (0.29–1.51), 0.3225 | 0.68 (0.28–1.63), 0.3828 |
| NfL chain | ||||
| NfLQ1–3 | 37 (84.1) | 263 (73.5) | Reference | Reference |
| NfLQ4 | 7 (15.9) | 95 (26.5) | 0.50 (0.20–1.26), 0.1408 | 0.51 (0.20–1.34), 0.1737 |
| p-tau181 | ||||
| p-tau181Q1–3 | 30 (68.2) | 273 (75.8) | Reference | Reference |
| p-tau181Q4 | 14 (31.8) | 87 (24.2) | 1.45 (0.72–2.96), 0.3020 | 1.61 (0.77–3.37), 0.2041 |
Percentages might not sum up to 100 because of rounding and missing values
In this sample GFAPQ4 ≥ 109.0 pg/mL; NfLQ4 ≥ 18.90 pg/mL; p-tau181Q4 ≥ 1.96 pg/mL
CI confidence interval, GFAP glial fibrillary acidic protein, NfL neurofilament light chain, p-tau181 phosphorylated tau181, Q quartile
aLogistic regression model 1 adjusted for age (continuous), sex, and educational level
bLogistic regression model 2 additionally adjusted for lifetime history of stroke, myocardial infarction, diabetes, and APOE ε4 genotype (exception: subgroup analyses including APOE ε4 genotype)
cp-value derived from the logistic regression models
dAPOE ε4 + ; participants carrying the APOE ε4 allele (ε2ε4, ε3ε4, ε4ε4)
eAPOE ε4 − ; participants not carrying the APOE ε4 allele (ε2ε2, ε3ε2, ε3ε3)