Table 1.
Clinical data summary of all children included in the study. The participants were grouped into those with tuberculosis disease (TB disease) or tuberculosis infection (TBI) and sub-grouped into multidrug-resistant (MDR) and drug-susceptible (DS) tuberculosis
| TB disease | TBI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subjects | MDR | DS | p | MDR | DS | p | |
| n | 24 | 31 | 28 | 25 | |||
| Male | n (%) | 13 (54.2%) | 15 (48.4%) | 0.878 | 16 (57.1%) | 12 (48%) | 1.000 |
| Age (years) | mean (± SD) | 7.11 (± 5.4) | 7.87 (± 5.6) | 0.615 | 7.46 (± 4.6) | 6.81 (± 3.99) | 0.586 |
| Age < 5 years | n (%) | 12 (50%) | 13 (41.9%) | 0.747 | 10 (35.7%) | 12 (48%) | 0.531 |
| Medical history | |||||||
| BMI Z-Score < -1.96 | n/N (%) | 3/19 (15.8%) | 7/29 (24.1%) | 0.000 | 0/27 (0%) | 1/15 (6.7%) | 0.000 |
| Any previous TB treatment | n (%) | 4 (16.7%) | 4 (12.9%) | 0.286 | 4 (14.3%) | 3 (12%) | 0.359 |
| BCG vaccination | n (%) | 1 (4.2%) | 5 (16.1%) | 0.036 | 3 (10.7%) | 9 (36%) | 0.062 |
| Comorbidities | n (%) | 8 (33.3%) | 5 (16.1%) | 0.201 | 2 (7.1%) | 7 (28%) | 0.011 |
| Immunodeficiencya | n (%) | 8 (33.3%) | 3 (9.7%) | 0.097 | 0 (0%) | 1 (4%) | 0.218 |
| Reason for consultation | 0.571 | 0.004 | |||||
| Contact tracing | n (%) | 9 (37.5%) | 8 (25.8%) | 0.525 | 27 (96.4%) | 16 (64%) | 0.004 |
| Screening | n (%) | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (9.7%) | 1.000 | 1 (3.6%) | 9 (12%) | 0.004 |
| Symptoms | n (%) | 12 (50%) | 20 (64.5%) | 0.420 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Epidemiology | |||||||
| Migration backgroundb | n (%) | 14 (58.3%) | 14 (45.2%) | 0.683 | 21 (75%) | 15 (60%) | 0.500 |
| Country of birthc | n | 18 | 30 | 0.008 | 27 | 23 | 0.000 |
| Germany | n (%) | 4 (22.2%) | 13 (43.3%) | 0.139 | 6 (22.2%) | 8 (34.8%) | 0.324 |
| CISd | n (%) | 4 (22.2%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.424 | 14 (51.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.001 |
| Europee | n (%) | 3 (16.7%) | 8 (26.7%) | 0.425 | 6 (22.2%) | 8 (34.8%) | 0.324 |
| Africaf | n (%) | 6 (33.3%) | 3 (10%) | 0.045 | 0 (0%) | 2 (8.7%) | 0.940 |
| Australasiag | n (%) | 1 (11.1%) | 2 (6.7%) | 0.720 | 1 (3.7%) | 5 (21.7%) | 0.050 |
| MDR-TB high-burden countryh | n (%) | 1 (5.6%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0.288 | 9 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002 |
| Index patient | n (%) | 16 (66.7%) | 21 (67.7%) | 28 (100%) | 15 (60%) | ||
| Shares home | n/N (%) | 16/16 (100%) | 19/21 (90.5%) | 1.000 | 24/28 (85.7%) | 13/14 (92.9%) | 0.790 |
| Had DR TB | n/N (%) | 15/16 (93.8%) | 1/21 (4.8%) | 0.000 | 28/28 (100%) | 0/15 (0%) | 0.000 |
| DST available | n/N (%) | 15/16 (93.8%) | 14/21 (66.7%) | 0.013 | 27/28 (96.4%) | 8/15 (53.3%) | 0.004 |
BMI body mass index, BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, DST drug susceptibility testing, SD standard deviation, DR drug resistant, CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
p < 0.05 is considered as statistically significant and presented in bold
aIncluding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
bRefugee, immigrant child, international adoption
cOnly countries where study participants were born
dCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS): Azerbaijan, Moldova, Russia
eEurope: Italy, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Bosnia, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia
fAfrica: Angola, Gabon, Guinea, Somalia, Tunisia, Libya
gAustralasia: Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Australia (Norfolk Island)
hMDR-TB high-burden countries: India, China Russian Federation