Table 2.
Potential risk factors and lipids associated with MASLD, CP, and CCVD in all patients (N = 3543)
| All (3543) | Non- MASLD (2194) | MASLD (1349) | P-value | Non- Carotid Plaque (1491) | Carotid Plaque (2052) | P-value | Non- CCVD (3098) | CCVD (445) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y (mean ± SD) | 3543 | 64.54 ± 12.016 | 63.45 ± 10.391 | 0.006 | 63.63 ± 12.146 | 65.30 ± 9.531 | 0.000 | 63.28 ± 11.204 | 69.99 ± 11.552 | 0.000 | |
| BMI | 3543 | 23.37 ± 4.875 | 25.34 ± 3.365 | 0.000 | 23.60 ± 4.748 | 25.36 ± 3.397 | 0.000 | 24.05 ± 3.439 | 24.64 ± 8.735 | 0.009 | |
| Gender | F | 1945 (54.9%) | 1260 (57.4%) | 685 (50.8%) | 0.000 | 946 (63.4%) | 999 (48.7%) | 0.000 | 1772 (57.2%) | 173 (38.9%) | 0.000 |
| M | 1598 (45.1%) | 934 (42.6%) | 664 (49.2%) | 545 (36.6%) | 1053 (51.3%) | 1326 (42.8%) | 272 (61.1%) | ||||
| Overweight | No | 2611 (73.7%) | 1796 (81.9%) | 815 (60.4%) | 0.000 | 1093 (73.3%) | 1518 (74.0%) | 0.341 | 2296 (74.1%) | 315 (70.8%) | 0.150 |
| Yes | 932 (26.3%) | 398 (18.1%) | 534 (39.6%) | 398 (26.7%) | 534 (26.0%) | 802 (25.9%) | 130 (29.2%) | ||||
| Smoke | No | 2951 (83.3%) | 1884 (85.9%) | 1067 (79.1%) | 0.000 | 1308 (87.7%) | 1643 (80.1%) | 0.000 | 2607 (84.2%) | 344 (77.3%) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 592 (16.7%) | 310 (14.1%) | 282 (20.9%) | 183 (12.3%) | 409 (19.9%) | 491 (15.8%) | 101 (22.7%) | ||||
| Hypertension | No | 1508 (42.6%) | 1068 (48.7%) | 440 (32.6%) | 0.000 | 822 (55.1%) | 686 (33.4%) | 0.000 | 1396 (45.1%) | 112 (25.2%) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 2035 (57.4%) | 1126 (51.3%) | 909 (67.4%) | 669 (44.9%) | 1366 (66.6%) | 1702 (54.9%) | 333 (74.8%) | ||||
| DM | No | 2794 (78.9%) | 1806 (82.3%) | 988 (73.2%) | 0.000 | 1303 (87.4%) | 1491 (72.7%) | 0.000 | 2521 (81.4%) | 273 (61.3%) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 749 (21.1%) | 388 (17.7%) | 361 (26.8%) | 188 (12.6%) | 561 (27.3%) | 577 (18.6%) | 172 (38.7%) | ||||
| Family history of CCVD | No | 2625 (74.1%) | 1654 (75.4%) | 971 (72.0%) | 0.027 | 1082 (72.6%) | 1543 (75.2%) | 0.081 | 2300 (74.2%) | 325 (73.0%) | 0.603 |
| Yes | 918 (25.9%) | 540 (24.6%) | 378 (28.0%) | 409 (27.4%) | 509 (24.8%) | 798 (25.8%) | 120 (27.0%) | ||||
| History of AF | No | 3259 (92.0%) | 2029 (92.5%) | 1230 (91.2%) | 0.181 | 1420 (95.2%) | 1839 (89.6%) | 0.000 | 2881 (93.0%) | 378 (84.9%) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 284 (8.0%) | 165 (7.5%) | 119 (8.8%) | 71 (4.8%) | 213 (10.4%) | 217 (7.0%) | 67 (15.1%) | ||||
| Dyslipidemia | No | 1945 (54.9%) | 1531 (69.8%) | 414 (30.7%) | 0.000 | 859 (57.6%) | 1086 (52.9%) | 0.006 | 1695 (54.7%) | 250 (56.2%) | 0.575 |
| Yes | 1598 (45.1%) | 663 (30.2%) | 935 (69.3%) | 632 (42.4%) | 966 (47.1%) | 1403 (45.3%) | 195 (43.8%) | ||||
| Lack of exercise | No | 818 (23.1%) | 521 (23.7%) | 297 (22.0%) | 0.250 | 375 (25.2%) | 443 (21.6%) | 0.014 | 754 (24.3%) | 64 (14.4%) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 2725 (76.9%) | 1673 (76.3%) | 1052 (78.0%) | 1116 (74.8%) | 1609 (78.4%) | 2344 (75.7%) | 381 (85.6%) | ||||
| Obstructive sleep apnea | No | 3393 (95.8%) | 2132 (97.2%) | 1261 (93.5%) | 0.000 | 1434 (96.2%) | 1959 (95.5%) | 0.312 | 2972 (95.9%) | 421 (94.6%) | 0.207 |
| Yes | 150 (4.2%) | 62 (2.8%) | 88 (6.5%) | 57 (3.8%) | 93 (4.5%) | 126 (4.1%) | 24 (5.4%) | ||||
| CP | No | 1491 (42.1%) | 958 (43.7%) | 533 (39.5%) | 0.016 | / | / | / | 1398 (45.1%) | 93 (20.9%) | 0.000 |
| Yes | 2052 (57.9%) | 1236 (56.3%) | 816 (60.5%) | / | / | / | 1700 (54.9%) | 352 (79.1%) | |||
| CCVD | No | 3098 (87.4%) | 1931 (88.0%) | 1167 (86.5%) | 0.192 | 1398 (93.8%) | 1700 (82.8%) | 0.000 | / | / | / |
| Yes | 445 (12.6%) | 263 (12.0%) | 182 (13.5%) | 93 (6.2%) | 352 (17.2%) | / | / | / | |||
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 3543 | 4.887 ± 3.390 | 5.324 ± 3.279 | 0.163 | 4.691 ± 3.366 | 6.049 ± 3.107 | 0.000 | 4.691 ± 3.366 | 6.049 ± 3.107 | 0.000 | |
| TC (mmol/L) | 3543 | 4.360 ± 1.046 | 4.502 ± 1.156 | 0.173 | 4.495 ± 1.072 | 4.210 ± 1.124 | 0.001 | 4.495 ± 1.072 | 4.209 ± 1.124 | 0.011 | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 3543 | 1.310 ± 0.395 | 1.173 ± 0.391 | 0.000 | 1.289 ± 0.416 | 1.168 ± 0.335 | 0.001 | 1.288 ± 0.415 | 1.168 ± 0.334 | 0.003 | |
| TG (mmol/L) | 3543 | 1.252 ± 0.622 | 1.928 ± 1.574 | 0.000 | 1.555 ± 1.244 | 1.432 ± 0.855 | 0.300 | 1.555 ± 1.243 | 1.432 ± 0.854 | 0.300 | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3543 | 2.779 ± 1.812 | 2.757 ± 0.985 | 0.875 | 2.746 ± 0.982 | 2.834 ± 2.472 | 0.695 | 2.746 ± 0.982 | 2.833 ± 2.471 | 0.695 | |
| Lp(a) (mg/L) | 3543 | 230.1 ± 238.6 | 253.5 ± 278.9 | 0.346 | 237.9 ± 262.8 | 243.4 ± 235.1 | 0.833 | 237.8 ± 262.7 | 243.4 ± 235.0 | 0.833 | |
| APOA (g/L) | 3543 | 1.364 ± 0.770 | 1.364 ± 0.962 | 1.000 | 1.373 ± 0.738 | 1.342 ± 1.098 | 0.725 | 1.372 ± 0.737 | 1.341 ± 1.098 | 0.725 | |
| APOB (g/L) | 3543 | 0.849 ± 0.256 | 0.908 ± 0.255 | 0.014 | 0.875 ± 0.254 | 0.864 ± 0.263 | 0.662 | 0.875 ± 0.254 | 0.863 ± 0.263 | 0.662 | |
| APOE (g/L) | 3543 | 3.911 ± 1.225 | 4.215 ± 4.214 | 0.015 | 4.067 ± 1.365 | 3.936 ± 1.255 | 0.343 | 4.067 ± 1.365 | 3.936 ± 1.254 | 0.343 | |
| FFA (mmol/L) | 3543 | 0.542 ± 0.246 | 0.554 ± 0.203 | 0.596 | 0.219 ± 0.012 | 0.245 ± 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.522 ± 0.218 | 0.610 ± 0.245 | 0.000 | |
| NHDL-C (mmol/L) | 3543 | 3.035 ± 0.995 | 3.337 ± 1.041 | 0.002 | 1.005 ± 0.054 | 1.065 ± 0.093 | 0.156 | 3.196 ± 1.005 | 3.046 ± 1.065 | 0.156 | |
| SDLDL-C (mmol/L) | 3543 | 0.647 ± 0.376 | 0.842 ± 0.408 | 0.000 | 0.408 ± 0.022 | 0.379 ± 0.033 | 0.182 | 0.740 ± 0.407 | 0.685 ± 0.379 | 0.529 | |
MASLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, CP Carotid plaque, CCVD c Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, BMI Body mass index, DM Diabetes mellitus, AF Atrial fibrillation, CP Carotid plaque, TC Total cholesterol, HDL-C, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG Triglycerides, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Lp(a) lipoprotein(a), APOA Apolipoprotein A, APOB Apolipoprotein B, APOE Apolipoprotein E, FFA Free fatty acid, NHDL-C Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SDLDL-C Small and dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SD Standard deviation