Figure 1.

p21-activated kinase (PAK) as a signaling nodule in breast cancer cells. Mechanisms of PAK activation and downstream physiological effects of PAKs are indicated, emphasizing the multiple functions of PAKs in cells. PAKs act upstream of several effectors. The effectors and the outcomes they influence are shown in this schematic. DLC1, dynein light chain 1; ER, estrogen receptor; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PGAM, phosphoglyceraldehyde mutase; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.