Table 2. Demographic characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Participants characteristic | Study characteristic | Intervention/Control characteristic | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | Sex (M/F) | Mean BMI (kg/m2) | Mean age (yr) | Location | Design | Duration (wk) | Blinding | Funding | Type of fiber | Dose (g/d) | Form of administration | Comparator | Background diet | |
| Garcia et al. (2006) [24] | IGT | 11 (4/7) | 30.1 ± 5.7 | 55.5 ± 6.2 | Germany | C | 6 | S | A | AX | 15 | Two bread rolls, each containing 5 g AX concentrate | Isocaloric bread rolls | Usual |
| Antal et al. (2010) [20] | Obese | 23 (0/23) | 28.7 ± 4.29 | 46.65 ± 8.25 | Hungary | P | 12 | NR | A | Oligofructose | 14 | Jerusalem artichoke-concentrate products | Jerusalem artichoke-free products | LCD |
| Beck et al. (2010) [22] | Overweight | 66 (0/66) | 29.2 ± 2.2 | 37.19 ± 5.60 | Australia | P | 12 | NR | A | Oat β-glucan | 5–9 | Products with oat β-glucan | High fiber products with no oat β-glucan | ERD |
| Li et al. (2010) [28] | Overweight | 120 (120/0) | 24.5 ± 0.2 | 30.0 ± 4.2 | China | P | 12 | D | I | Glucose polysaccharide | 34 | 250 mL of fruit juice that contained NUTRIOSE | Maltodextrin | Usual |
| Dewulf et al. (2012) [23] | Obese | 30 (0/30) | 35.85 ± 3.7 | 47.5 ± 8.5 | Belgium | P | 12 | D | A | Inulin/oligofructose | 16 | Powder added to warm drinks | Maltodextrin | Usual |
| Hashizume et al. (2012) [26] | MetS | 30 (20/10) | 27.45 ± 2.6 | 60.65 ± 10.25 | Japan | P | 12 | D | A | Resistant maltodextrin | 9 | Tea containing resistant maltodextrin | Tea without resistant maltodextrin | Usual |
| Maki et al. (2012) [29] | Obese | 33 (11/22) | 30.6 ± 0.5 | 49.5 ± 1.6 | USA | P | 4 | D | A | High-amylose maize RS2 | 15 or 30 | Mixed into cold or room-temperature beverages or foods | Starch | Usual |
| Reimer et al. (2013) [33] | Obesity | 64 (28/36) | 26.95 ± 2.6 | 20–65 | Japan | P | 14 | D | A | PGX | 15 | Powder | Rice flour | Usual |
| Wanders et al. (2013) [37] | Healthy | 32 (8/24) | 21.8 ± 1.9 | 21 ± 2 | Netherlands | C | 15 days | D | A | Pectin | 5 | Pectin containing foods | Isocaloric | Usual |
| Kobayakawa et al. (2013) [27] | Obesity | 30 (30/0) | 27.7 ± 0.8 | 53.5 ± 5.4 | Japan | P | 12 | D | I | Galactomannan, inulin, β-glucan, alginic acid, cellulose, hemicelluloses | 7.5 | The adding the test food to the daily average diet | Blend of starch, colorant, and flavor | Usual |
| Geliebter et al. (2014) [25] | Overweight | 36 (18/18) | 32.2 ± 3.4 | 35.6 ± 6.1 | USA | P | 4 | NR | A | Oat fibre | NR | Oat porridge breakfast | No-breakfast control | Usual |
| Nishimura et al. (2015) [30] | Healthy | 47 (8/39) | 21.9 ± 3.12 | 53.6 ± 10.6 | Japan | P | 4 | D | A | Inulin-type fructans | 0.9 | Chicory root extract | Non-chicory root extract | Usual |
| Upadhyaya et al. (2015) [36] | Met | 20 (8/39) | 32.8 ± 1.1 | NR | USA | C | 26 | D | A | RS4 | NR | Flour containing 30% resistant starch type 4 | Control flour | Usual |
| Aoe et al. (2017) [21] | Healthy | 100 (NR) | 27.5 ± 2.7 | 30–70 | Japan | P | 12 | D | A | β-glucan | 4.4 | High-β-glucan barley | β-glucan-free barley | Usual |
| Parnell et al. (2017) [31] | Obesity | 20 (8/39) | 29.9 | ≤ 18 | Canada | P | 12 | D | A | Oligofructose | 21 | Powder | Maltodextrin | Usual |
| Strączkowski et al. (2018) [35] | Obesity | 52 (27/25) | 27.4 ± 2.6 | 27.7 ± 4.8 | Poland | P | 12 | NR | A | β-glucan | 500 mg | NR | NR | LCD |
| Sakai et al. (2019) [34] | T2DM | 30 (22/8) | 25.1 ± 3.8 | 59.1 ± 13.2 | Japan | P | 12 | D | A | Fucoidan | 1,620 mg | Beverage containing fucoidan | Fucoidan–free beverage | Usual |
| Reimer et al. (2020) [32] | T2DM | 290 (83/207) | 40.0 ± 6.8 | 54.8 ± 9.2 | Canada | P | 52 | D | I | PGX | 15–20 | Supplement packets | Rice flour | Usual |
A, agency; AX, arabinoxylan; BMI, body mass index; C, cross-over; D, double, ERD, energy-restricted diet; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; I, industry; LCD, low calorie diet; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NR, not-reported; P, parallel; PGX, PolyGlycopleX; RS2, type 2 resistant starch; S, single; T2DM, type 2 diabetes.