Table 1.
Overview of patient demographics, clinical features, and socio-environmental factors by gender.
| Levels | Overall | Women | Men | p valuea | Effect size (Cohen's d)b |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of patients | 594,372 (100%) | 290,658 (49%) | 303,714 (51%) | ||
| Patient age at diagnosis, years | |||||
| Median | Median: 68 [58–76] | 66 [55–76] | 69 [61–77] | <0.0001 | −0.21 |
| Mean | Mean: 67 (14) | 65 (15) | 68 (12) | ||
| Number of comorbidities | |||||
| 0 | 274,592 (46%) | 150,175 (52%) | 124,417 (41%) | <0.0001 | |
| 1 | 108,376 (18%) | 53,603 (18%) | 54,773 (18%) | ||
| 2–4 | 156,251 (26%) | 67,302 (23%) | 88,949 (29%) | ||
| 5+ | 55,153 (9%) | 19,578 (7%) | 35,575 (12%) | ||
| Comorbidities type | |||||
| Cardiovascular | 334,616 (56%) | 124,651 (43%) | 209,965 (69%) | <0.0001 | |
| Neuropsychiatric disorders | 147,294 (25%) | 59,989 (21%) | 87,305 (29%) | <0.0001 | |
| Endocrine | 138,295 (23%) | 66,187 (23%) | 72,108 (24%) | <0.0001 | |
| Pulmonary | 71,125 (12%) | 24,318 (8%) | 46,807 (15%) | <0.0001 | |
| Gastrointestinal | 38,948 (7%) | 16,498 (6%) | 22,450 (7%) | <0.0001 | |
| Rheumatologic disease | 15,559 (3%) | 9026 (3%) | 6533 (2%) | <0.0001 | |
| Other | 144,154 (24%) | 57,674 (20%) | 86,480 (28%) | <0.0001 | |
| Cancer type | |||||
| Breast | 126,347 (21%) | 125,288 (43%) | 1059 (0%) | <0.0001 | |
| Prostate | 79,743 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 79,743 (26%) | <0.0001 | |
| Colon-Rectum-Anus | 78,639 (13%) | 36,584 (13%) | 42,055 (14%) | <0.0001 | |
| Trachea, Bronchi, Lungs | 64,793 (11%) | 22,661 (8%) | 42,132 (14%) | <0.0001 | |
| Bladder | 43,087 (7%) | 8778 (3%) | 34,309 (11%) | <0.0001 | |
| Melanoma | 27,045 (5%) | 12,469 (4%) | 14,576 (5%) | <0.0001 | |
| Kidney | 21,639 (4%) | 6935 (2%) | 14,704 (5%) | <0.0001 | |
| Pancreas | 20,209 (3%) | 9919 (3%) | 10,290 (3%) | 0.61 | |
| Liver and Biliary tract | 19,958 (3%) | 5913 (2%) | 14,045 (5%) | <0.0001 | |
| Thyroid | 13,086 (2%) | 9774 (3%) | 3313 (1%) | <0.0001 | |
| Uterine corpus | 11,977 (2%) | 11,977 (4%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 | |
| Central nervous system | 10,679 (2%) | 4796 (2%) | 5883 (2%) | <0.0001 | |
| Stomach | 10,458 (2%) | 4153 (1%) | 6305 (2%) | <0.0001 | |
| Ovary | 9371 (2%) | 9371 (3%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 | |
| Pharynx | 7466 (1%) | 1542 (1%) | 5924 (2%) | <0.0001 | |
| Other | 49,875 (8%) | 20,498 (7%) | 29,498 (10%) | <0.0001 | |
| Social-environmental factors | |||||
| Gender-related wage disparities | Median: 0.5 [0.2–0.7] | 0.5 [0.2–0.7] | 0.5 [0.2–0.7] | <0.0001 | 0.01 |
| Mean: 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | |||
| Economic deprivation | Median: 0.5 [0.2–0.8] | 0.5 [0.2–0.8] | 0.6 [0.2–0.8] | <0.0001 | 0.02 |
| Mean: 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | |||
| Educational barriers | Median: 0.4 [0.2–0.6] | 0.4 [0.2–0.6] | 0.4 [0.2–0.6] | <0.0001 | 0.05 |
| Mean: 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | |||
| Inaccessibility to public transport | Median: 0.6 [0.3–0.7] | 0.6 [0.3–0.7] | 0.6 [0.3–0.7] | <0.0001 | 0.09 |
| Mean: 0.5 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | |||
| Unemployment | Median: 0.4 [0.1–0.8] | 0.4 [0.1–0.8] | 0.5 [0.2–0.8] | <0.0001 | 0.06 |
| Mean: 0.5 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | |||
| Social isolation | Median: 0.4 [0.26–0.62] | 0.4 [0.3–0.6] | 0.4 [0.3–0.6] | <0.0001 | 0.02 |
| Mean: 0.5 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | |||
| Familial hardship | Median: 0.5 [0.3–0.6] | 0.4 [0.3–0.6] | 0.5 [0.3–0.6] | <0.0001 | 0.04 |
| Mean: 0.5 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.2) | |||
| Insecurity | Median: 0.6 [0.3–1.0] | 0.6 [0.3–1.0] | 0.6 [0.3–1.0] | <0.0001 | −0.07 |
| Mean: 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.3) |
a
The p value indicates the statistical significance of the differences between the two genders groups for each parameter.
b
Cohen’s d aids in interpreting the magnitude of the difference between two groups, here women and men. An absolute value of Cohen’s d inferior to 0.20 indicates that the magnitude of the difference is minimal, even if the statistical test shows significance.