Table 3.

Crop genome editing for fungal resistance.

Crop	Target	Genetic Changes	Method	Status	Reference
C. lanatus	Fusarium oxysporum.	Loss-of-function in Phytosulfokine1 (ClPSK1) in watermelon	Transformation of gRNA/Cas9 to watermelon through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation	Loss-of-function rendered watermelon seedlings more resistant to infection by F. oxysporum.	Zhang et al. (2020)
C. papaya	P. palmivora	Mutation on Extracellular cystatin-like cysteine protease inhibitor (PpalEPIC8) of papaya	PpalEPIC8 mutants were generated using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation	Reduced pathogenicity during infection	Gumtow et al. (2018)
G. hirsutum	Verticillium dahliae	Indel mutations in negative defence gene (Gh14-3-3d) of cotton	Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of gRNA/Cas9 into cotton	Higher and heritable resistance to Verticillium dahliae infestation in mutant cottons	Zhang et al. (2018)
O. sativa	M. oryzae	Mutation in rice ERF Transcription Factor Gene OsERF922	Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the embryogenic calli of rice	Enhanced resistance in mutant rice to M. oryzae in subsequent generations	Wang et al. (2016)
S. lycopersicum	Powdery Mildew Resistance 4 (SlPMR4)	Knock-out of the tomato SlPMR4 gene	Transferring CRISPR/Cas9 construct containing four single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs)to target SlPMR4	Haustorial formation and hyphal growth were diminished but not completely inhibited in the mutants	Santillán Martínez et al. (2020)
S. lycopersicum	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici,	Mutation in SlymiR482e-3p, a member of the miR482/2118 superfamily in tomato, negatively regulating the resistance	Agrobacterium transfer of gRNA/Cas9 into susceptible tomato cultivar	Enhanced resistance to tomato wilt disease in edited plants	Gao et al. (2021)
S. tuberosum	Phytophthora infestans	Tetra-allelic deletion of StDND1, StCHL1, and StDMR6-1 in potato	Agrobacterium mediated transfer of multiple gRNA/Cas9 in to potato	Editing confers increased late blight resistance in potato	Kieu et al. (2021)
T. cacao	Phytophthora tropicalis	Deletions in Non-Expressor of Pathogenesis-Related 3 (TcNPR3) gene, a suppressor of the defence response	Agrobacterium was used to introduce a CRISPR/Cas9 system into leaf tissue	The edited tissue exhibited an increased resistance to infection with the cacao pathogen Phytophthora tropicalis	Fister et al. (2018)
T. aestivum	Powdery mildew	Indel mutations at the wheat Mildew-resistance locus (MLO)	Wheat protoplasts transformation with TALEN and CRISPR vectors	TALEN and CRISPR-induced mutation at TaMLO homeologs, confers heritable broad-spectrum resistance to powdery mildew.	Wang et al., 2014
T. aestivum	Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt)	Simultaneous modification of the three homologs of wheat enhanced disease resistance1 (TaEDR1)	Biolistic transformation of gRNA/Cas9 plasmids into wheat immature embryos	Mutant wheats were resistant to powdery mildew and did not show mildew-induced cell death.	Zhang et al. (2017)
V. vinifera	Erysiphe necator and Plasmopara viticola	Editing the DM and PM susceptibility genes in different grapevine clones	CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to edit DM and PM susceptibility genes	Multiple resistance against grape wine powdery mildew and downy mildew	Giacomelli et al., 2018
V. vinifera	Oomycete pathogen Plasmopara viticola	Loss-of-function mutations in grapevine pathogenesis-related 4 (PR4)	Agrobacterium mediated gRNA/Cas delivery into Thompson Seedless	The VvPR4b knockout lines had increased susceptibility and disease symptoms of downy mildew in mutant grapevine	Li et al. (2020)