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. 2023 Jul 31;26(11):2366–2373. doi: 10.1017/S1368980023001532

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© The Authors 2023

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original article is properly cited.

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Fig. 1 — The 15-month BMI change (kg/m²) regressed on the baseline Nova-WPF and Nova-UPF scores using adjusted restricted cubic spline linear regression. Participants of the NutriNet-Brasil Cohort study, 2020–2022, (n 9551)^a. WPF, whole plant food; UPF, ultra-processed food. ^aNova-WPF score: Wald test for linear term P < 0·01; Wald test for all non-linear terms P = 0·03; values corresponding to the 10th, 50th and 90th centiles knots were 2·7, 5·7, and 10·0, respectively. Nova-UPF score: Wald test for linear term P < 0·001; Wald test for all non-linear terms P = 0·12; values corresponding to the 10th, 50th and 90th centiles knots were 0·33, 1·67 and 4·0, respectively. Adjustment for sex, age (continuous), macro-region of residence, educational level, baseline smoking status, physical activity, diet for weight loss and BMI (continuous)