Table 2.
Regression analyses of association between food security status and positive childhood experiences among respondents of the National Survey of Children’s Health, 2017–2020†
| Number of positive childhood experiences‡ | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | IRR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·93 | 0·92, 0·94 *** | 0·96 | 0·95, 0·97 *** | 0·94 | 0·93, 0·95 *** | 0·96 | 0·95, 0·97 *** | 0·91 | 0·90, 0·92 *** | 0·96 | 0·95, 0·97 *** | 0·91 | 0·90, 0·92 *** | 0·96 | 0·95, 0·97 *** |
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·84 | 0·83, 0·86 *** | 0·91 | 0·90, 0·93 *** | 0·85 | 0·82, 0·88 *** | 0·88 | 0·85, 0·91 *** | 0·84 | 0·82, 0·86 *** | 0·93 | 0·90, 0·95 *** | 0·82 | 0·80, 0·85 *** | 0·91 | 0·88, 0·94 *** |
| Mentorship | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·59 | 0·52, 0·68 *** | 0·73 | 0·63, 0·84 *** | 0·57 | 0·48, 0·67 *** | 0·68 | 0·57, 0·82 *** | 0·63 | 0·51, 0·78 *** | 0·79 | 0·62, 1·00 | ||||
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·39 | 0·31, 0·49 *** | 0·53 | 0·41, 0·70 *** | 0·41 | 0·32, 0·53 *** | 0·53 | 0·38,0·74 *** | 0·37 | 0·25, 0·55 *** | 0·50 | 0·33, 0·77 *** | ||||
| Resilience | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·51 | 0·47, 0·55 *** | 0·62 | 0·55, 0·70 *** | 0·45 | 0·38, 0·53 *** | 0·57 | 0·46, 0·70 *** | 0·54 | 0·48, 0·62 *** | 0·66 | 0·57, 0·77 *** | 0·54 | 0·47,0·62 *** | 0·70 | 0·60, 0·82 *** |
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·30 | 0·25, 0·34 *** | 0·44 | 0·34, 0·58 *** | 0·23 | 0·17, 0·31 *** | 0·40 | 0·28, 0·57 *** | 0·35 | 0·28, 0·44 *** | 0·58 | 0·45, 0·74 *** | 0·30 | 0·23, 0·39 *** | 0·50 | 0·37, 0·68 *** |
| Supportive neighbourhood | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·38 | 0·35, 0·40 *** | 0·48 | 0·44, 0·51 *** | 0·41 | 0·36, 0·46 *** | 0·47 | 0·41, 0·53 *** | 0·37 | 0·34, 0·41 *** | 0·48 | 0·43, 0·54 *** | 0·35 | 0·31, 0·39 *** | 0·47 | 0·41, 0·53 *** |
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·25 | 0·22, 0·30 *** | 0·41 | 0·35, 0·49 *** | 0·27 | 0·19, 0·38 *** | 0·37 | 0·26, 0·52 *** | 0·27 | 0·22, 0·33 *** | 0·45 | 0·35, 0·57 *** | 0·22 | 0·18, 0·28 *** | 0·40 | 0·30, 0·52 *** |
| Safe neighbourhood | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·39 | 0·36, 0·41 *** | 0·49 | 0·46, 0·53 *** | 0·41 | 0·36, 0·46 *** | 0·47 | 0·41, 0·53 *** | 0·41 | 0·37, 0·45 *** | 0·52 | 0·46, 0·59 *** | 0·34 | 0·30, 0·38 *** | 0·46 | 0·40, 0·52 *** |
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·26 | 0·23, 0·30 *** | 0·42 | 0·36, 0·49 *** | 0·23 | 0·17, 0·30 *** | 0·30 | 0·22, 0·41 *** | 0·28 | 0·23, 0·35 *** | 0·45 | 0·36, 0·57 *** | 0·27 | 0·21, 0·35 *** | 0·50 | 0·38, 0·66 *** |
| Social engagement involving after-school activity | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·48 | 0·44, 0·53 *** | 0·78 | 0·70, 0·87 *** | 0·45 | 0·39, 0·50 *** | 0·75 | 0·65, 0·87 *** | 0·54 | 0·47, 0·63 *** | 0·81 | 0·69, 0·96 * | ||||
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·35 | 0·29, 0·42 *** | 0·80 | 0·65, 0·97 * | 0·32 | 0·26, 0·40 *** | 0·81 | 0·62, 1·05 | 0·40 | 0·30, 0·52 *** | 0·79 | 0·59, 1·06 | ||||
| Social engagement involving community service | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR. | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·69 | 0·64, 0·74 *** | 0·96 | 0·88, 1·04 | 0·75 | 0·67, 0·83 *** | 1·02 | 0·91, 1·14 | 0·60 | 0·54, 0·67 *** | 0·89 | 0·78, 1·01 | ||||
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·53 | 0·45, 0·63 *** | 0·95 | 0·79, 1·16 | 0·59 | 0·48, 0·74 *** | 1·03 | 0·80, 1·33 | 0·45 | 0·35, 0·59 *** | 0·87 | 0·65, 1·16 | ||||
| Sharing ideas | ||||||||||||||||
| Full sample (n 114 709) | ≤ 5 years (n 32 625) | 6–11 years (n 41 578) | 12–17 years (n 40 506) | |||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Food security status | ||||||||||||||||
| Food secure | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||||
| Mild food insecurity | 0·65 | 0·60, 0·70 *** | 0·72 | 0·66, 0·79 *** | 0·63 | 0·57, 0·70 *** | 0·72 | 0·64, 0·80 *** | 0·67 | 0·60, 0·75 *** | 0·73 | 0·64, 0·83 *** | ||||
| Moderate to severe food insecurity | 0·72 | 0·62, 0·86 *** | 0·99 | 0·82, 1·19 | 0·71 | 0·58, 0·88 *** | 1·09 | 0·86, 1·38 | 0·73 | 0·57, 0·94 * | 0·88 | 0·66, 1·19 | ||||
IRR, incidence rate ratio; Ref, reference category.
*
Indicates P-value < 0·05.
***
Indicates P-value < 0·001.
†
Adjusted for parent’s educational attainment, child’s age, nativity, race/ethnicity, federal poverty level, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program participation, cash assistance, receipt of free meal, general health, special needs status, number of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and year of survey. Covariates are adjusted for the full sample and the stratified sample.
‡
Poisson regression is used for number of positive childhood experiences; all other outcomes were analysed using logistic regression.