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. 2023 Nov 13;21(11):e08353. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8353
References Risk of bias (RoB) domains a Tier b
Exposure KEY Outcome KEY Confounding KEY Inappropriate selection Attrition Other sources of bias/statistics
Clarke et al. ( 2007 ) ++ ++ ++ + + 1
Morris et al. ( 2012) + ++ ++ ++ NR + 1
Doets et al. (2014) + + ++ + NR + 1
a

Expert judgement was translated into a rating scale for each question to be answered as follows: (++): definitely low RoB; (+): probably low RoB; (NR): not reported; (−): probably high RoB; (− −): definitively high RoB.

b

The individual rating for each question was combined by an algorithm and translated to an overall tier of reliability for each individual study (RoB tier 1: low RoB; RoB tier 2: moderate RoB; RoB tier 3: high RoB).