. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Nov 13.

Published in final edited form as: Buildings (Basel). 2022 Aug;12(8):10.3390/buildings12081222. doi: 10.3390/buildings12081222

Table 3.

Geometric mean (geometric standard deviation) maximum background-corrected particle and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations by process and task (n = 5 replicates).

Particles					Gases
		CNC	FMPS	APS	PID
Task	Process	Conc. (#/cm³) ^*	Conc. (#/cm³) ^*	Conc. (#/cm³)^‡	TVOC (μg/m³)^‡
Pouring (resin)	SLA	57.9 (2.3) ^B,C	325.5 (2.9) ^B	0.2 (2.2)	3.6 (1.8)
	DLP	39.3 (1.7) ^B,C	197.9 (2.7) ^B	–	5.5 (1.2)
Printing (resin)	SLA	125.0 (1.4) ^A	907.2 (1.4) ^A	0.3 (1.1)	140.7 (1.5)
	DLP	270.5 (1.5) ^A	1085.2 (1.7) ^A	2.7 (4.2)	11.2 (1.4)
Recovery (resin)	SLA	35.2 (1.6) ^B,C	456.8 (1.6) ^A,B,!	0.1 (2.0)	1.8 (2.0)
	DLP	52.2 (1.4) ^B,C	790.3 (1.7) ^A,B	0.4 (1.7)	4.3 (1.9)
Rinsing (IPA)	SLA	28.2 (1.4) ^C,	528.8 (1.9) ^A,B,!	0.2 (1.5)	9113.0 (2.9)
	DLP	38.9 (1.6) ^C	685.1 (3.7) ^A,B	0.7 (1.7)	6.0 (1.5)
Soaking (IPA)	SLA	80.4 (1.2) ^A,B	554.4 (1.5) ^A,B,!	0.3 (1.8)	22,890.2 (2.2)
	DLP	97.9 (1.4) ^A,B	623.5 (2.5) ^A,B	1.1 (2.6)	36,790.9 (2.0)
Drying (IPA)	SLA	98.0 (1.5) ^A	1206.0 (1.7) ^A,!	0.3 (2.1)	19,443.5 (1.4)
	DLP	197.6 (2.2) ^A	1010.8 (1.3) ^A	3.0 (6.1)	33,417.3 (1.6)
Curing	SLA	n/a	730.8 (1.8) ^A	n/a	3083.4 (1.0)
	DLP	n/a	869.6 (1.4) ^A	n/a	2990.0 (1.0)
Sanding	SLA	57.3 (1.8) ^B,C	n/a	8.3 (1.9)	n/a
	DLP	51.1 (3.0) ^B,C	n/a	0.6 (4.3)	n/a

Adjusted regression models (differences among tasks are the same for both printers and there is no difference between printers for each task), Within each column, capital letters for GM values that are not connected by the same letter are significantly different (p < 0.05). For example using CNC data, the “Drying ^A” task is significantly different than the; “Recovery ^B,C” and “Sanding ^B,C” tasks.

^‡

Mixed regression models (significant interaction between printer and task). APS concentration data: SLA process—sanding > all other tasks; DLP process—printing = drying > pouring; between processes—DLP printing > SLA printing DLP drying > SLA drying, and CL A sanding s DLP sanding. SID (TVOC) concentration data: SLA process—soaking = drying > curing > printing > pouring = recovery and rinsing = curing > pouring = recovery; DLP process— soaking = drying > curing > pouring = printing = recovery = rinsing; between processes—SLA rinsing > DLP rinsing and SLA printing > DLP printing. − = three or more measurements during task were below background (GM not calculated).

Inline graphic One of five replicate values imputed using β-substitution method (see Method section).

Four replicate measurements (data for fifth replicate lost because of instrument error), n/a = not applicable (task not monitored with this instrument).