Figure 1.

Summary of Study Design, Analytic Approaches, and Key Findings

The study design involved observational and genetic analyses in the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) and UK Biobank (UKB) studies. The observational associations of proteomics with ischemic heart disease (IHD) were replicated using Mendelian randomization (MR) approaches using instrumental variables discovered in CKB and replicated in UKB. The downstream analyses included phenome-wide associations (PheWAS), knockout models (KO), assessment of enrichment, and functional genome-wide association study analyses (FGWAS), respectively.