Table 2.
Prebiotics and probiotics for musculoskeletal diseases in human.
| Prebiotics/Probiotics | Area | Musculoskeletal diseases | Comments | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prebiotics | ||||
| Bone | ||||
| Osteoporosis | Prebiotic short- and long-chain inulin type fructans significantly increases calcium absorption and enhances bone mineralization | Abrams et al. (2005) | ||
| Probiotics | ||||
| Bone | Osteoporosis | Bacillus subtilis C-3102 (C-3102), total hip BMD improved | Takimoto et al. (2018) | |
| Osteoporosis |
Lactobacillusreueri NCIMB 30242 increases mean circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D |
Jones et al. (2013) | ||
| Osteoporosis |
Lactobacillus reueri reuteri NCIMB 30242 increases the mean circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D level |
Jones et al. (2013) | ||
| Joint | Osteoarthritis |
Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota: a positive effect of improvement in knee OA |
Lei et al. (2017) | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
Lactobacillus casei 01 improved the inflammation status |
Paul et al. (2021) | ||