Table 4.
Health assessment and measurements by CKD category
| Health assessment | No CKD (n = 1289) | CKD with traditional risk factors (n = 100) | Suspected CKDu group (n = 55) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI categories | 0.046a * | |||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 46 (3.6%) | 3 (3.0%) | 1 (1.8%) | |
| Normal (18.5 – 24.5) | 427 (33.4%) | 28 (28.0%) | 28 (50.1%) | |
| Overweight (25–30) | 442 (34.6%) | 38 (38.0%) | 14 (25.4%) | |
| Obese (30–34.5) or extremely obese (> 35) | 363 (28.4%) | 33 (33.0%) | 10 (18.1%) | |
| BMI, median (IQR) | 27 (23–31) | 28 (24–31) | 24 (22–28) | 0.004b * |
| Serum uric acid (umol/L), median (IQR) | ||||
| Males (reference range 220–476)c | 321 (274 – 371) | 435 (360—508) | 523 (430 – 589) | < 0.001b * |
| Females (reference range 161–363)c | 243 (206 – 249) | 335 (245 – 400) | 359 (288 – 500) | < 0.001b * |
| Serum BUN (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 3.0 (2.4 – 3.7) | 5.5 (3.9 – 9.0) | 7.1 (5.5 – 9.4) | < 0.001b * |
| Serum Creatinine (umol/L), median (IQR) | 59 (51—69) | 127 (69 – 184) | 172 (127 -236) | < 0.001b * |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2), median (IQR) | 120 (110–129) | 51 (36–105) | 40 (25–54) | < 0.001b * |
| CKD Stages | < 0.001a * | |||
| Proteinuria with eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 | 0 | 39 (39.0%) | 8 (14.5%) | |
| Stage 3 | 0 | 42 (42.0%) | 29 (52.7%) | |
| Stage 4 | 0 | 12 (12.0%) | 13 (23.6%) | |
| Stage 5 | 0 | 7 (7.0%) | 5 (9.1%) | |
| Urine dipstick results | ||||
| Positive leukocyte esterased | 144 (14.1%) | 20 (20.8%) | 12 (24.5%) | 0.035a * |
| Positive nitritese | 44 (4.3%) | 7 (7.3%) | 4 (8.1%) | 0.144a |
| Proteinuriaf | < 0.001a * | |||
| None | 993 (100%) | 39 (41.1%) | 31 (63.2%) | |
| Trace | 0 | 8 (8.4%) | 9 (18.4%) | |
| 30 mg/dl | 0 | 5 (5.3%) | 7 (14.3%) | |
| 100 mg/dl | 0 | 2 (2.1%) | 2 (4.1%) | |
| 300 mg/dl | 0 | 36 (37.9%) | 0 | |
| 1000 mg/dl | 0 | 5 (5.3%) | 0 | |
| Current symptoms | ||||
| High thirst | 676 (52.4%) | 57 (57.0%) | 28 (50.1%) | 0.653a |
| Dysuria | 351 (27.2%) | 28 (28.0%) | 9 (16.4%) | 0.203a |
| Dark urine | 356 (27.6%) | 36 (36.0%) | 8 (14.5%) | 0.015a * |
| Cramps | 241 (18.7%) | 37 (37.0%) | 16 (29.1%) | < 0.001a * |
All percentages calculated from non-missing data. Less than 5% of each group is missing data unless otherwise indicated
Abbreviations: CKD Chronic kidney disease, CKDu Chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, BMI Body mass index, IQR Interquartile range, BUN Blood urea nitrogen
ap-value calculated with Fisher’s Exact Test
bp-value calculated with Kruskal Wallis test
cReference range from Mayo Clinic Reference Laboratories and units converted [29].
d298 participants missing leukocyte esterase data
e281 participants missing nitrites data
f307 participants missing proteinuria data
*significant finding at p-value < 0.05