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. 2023 Nov 13;21:419. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02179-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Isolation and characterization of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) and hucMSC-exos. A The morphology of hucMSCs isolated and cultured by tissue block attachment at the third passage (100x), the Oil Red O staining of adiopogenic identification (400x), the Alizarin Red staining of osteogenic identification (100x) and the Alcian blue staining of chondrogenic differentiation (200x). B Immunofluorescence (IF) staining of CD105 and CD45 of hucMSCs. Scale bars, 50 μm. C Positive expression of CD105, CD90, and CD44 and negative expression of CD34, CD44, and HLA-DR were detected by flow cytometry. The blue peak represented the isotype control antibody and the red one represented the MSC-associated markers. D Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of hucMSC-exos. Scale bar, 200 nm. E The particle size and concentration of hucMSC-exos measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). F Representative western blot images of exosomal-associated (CD63, CD81, TSG101), Golgi-associated (GM130) and MSC-associated (OCT4) markers in hucMSC-exos and hucMSCs