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. 2023 Nov 13;21:419. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-02179-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — MiRNA sequencing analysis of hucMSC-exos and comprehensive analysis of genes and pathways involved in hucMSC-exos treatment based on mRNA high-throughput sequencing. A Heatmap of the top 50 most-enriched miRNAs expressed in hucMSC-exos (n = 3). B Relative percentage of miRNAs in total miRNA reads. C qRT-PCR analyzed the expression levels of the top 10 most-enriched miRNAs in hucMSC-exos (n=3). D Volcano plot of RNA-seq transcriptome data displaying the pattern of the gene expression profile in the HTR8/SVneo cells with or without hucMSC-exos treatment. The aPL + EXO group was incubated with hucMSC-exos (100 ug/ml) for 24 h post aPL stimulation (200 ug/ml). Red and blue dots indicate the significantly up- or down-regulated genes, respectively. p < 0.05, |log2FC|> 1. E Representative heatmap of differentially expressed genes between the aPL + EXO group and aPL group based on the above mRNA-seq data. (Red, relatively upregulated expression; blue, relatively downregulated expression). Each column represents one individual sample, and each row represents one single gene (n = 3). F-K Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis of the up- and down-regulated genes in HTR8/SVneo cells of aPL + EXO group compare with aPL group. Gene percentage refers to the percentage of genes that were significantly enriched in the corresponding secondary class. Rich factor indicates the up-regulated and down-regulated expressed genes divided by the total number of genes. The smaller the p value, the higher enrichment degree. The diameter of the dots indicate the number of genes enriched in the corresponding signal pathways