Table 2.

The influence of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on metabolic syndrome

Category		Influence
Prebiotic	Inulin	Decrease Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio[22]	Improvement in Obesity
	Fructooligosaccharides	Increase Bifidobacterium[26]	Promotes gut health
			Decrease expression of inflammatory cytokines
			Improved Insulin sensitivity
	Galactooligosaccharides	Increase Akkermansia mucinophila. Increase in Prevotella[27]	Intestinal barrier protection
			Improved Insulin sensitivity
			Decrease inflammation
Probiotic	Bifidobacterium	Increasing Akkermansia mucinophila[56]	Intestinal barrier protection
			Improved Insulin sensitivity
			Decrease inflammation
	Lactobacillus	Decreasing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio[57]	Improvement in Obesity
Postbiotic	Heat-killed Akkermansia mucinophila		Improves metabolic state in Obesity
	Heat-inactivated Lactobacillus paracasei		Reduces the risk of pharyngitis, laryngitis, and diarrhea
	Heat-inactivated Bifidobacterium bifidum		Reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome
	Butyrate (SCFA produced by the inactive microbe)	Increasing Lachnospiraceae[46]	Protection against diabetes and cardio-vascular diseases
		Increasing Proteobacteria[46]	Increased gut mucus production
		Decreasing Clostridiaceae[46]	Increased gut barrier integrity

SCFAs: Short Chain Fatty Acids.