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Arm twisting is a behavior that can be present in both healthy and wasting sea stars and, thus, cannot always be attributed to sea star wasting (SSW). (A, B) Pycnopodia helianthoides. (A) shows the wound, and (B) shows how the non-wasting sea star covers this wound by twisting its arms. (C) Pisaster ochraceus. The twisting behavior is here observed in a sea star that showed no other signs of SSW. Photo credits: (A, B) Julia Kobelt; (C) Mike Dawson.
