TABLE 2.
Emotional (internalizing) and behavioral (externalizing) problems
| Scale | T-score YSR self-report | P value* | Cohen d | T-score CBCL parent-proxy | P value* | Cohen d | T-score (c-)TRF teacher-proxy | P value* | Cohen d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median [IQR] | Median [IQR] | Median [IQR] | |||||||
| Children aged 1.5–5 y | – | N = 12 | N = 9 | ||||||
| Syndrome scales | |||||||||
| Internalizing | |||||||||
| Emotionally reactive | NA | NA | NA | 59.0 [50.0–67.0] | 0.017 | 51.0 [50.0–63.0] | 0.043 | ||
| Anxious/depressed | NA | NA | NA | 50.5 [50.0–60.3] | 0.027 | 54.0 [50.5–59.0] | 0.017 | ||
| Withdrawn | NA | NA | NA | 51.0 [51.0–62.3] | 0.008 | 56.0 [51.5–66.0] | 0.012 | ||
| Somatic complaints | NA | NA | NA | 60.0 [50.8–67.3] | 0.003 | 50.0 [50.0–57.0] | 0.059 | ||
| Sleeping problems | NA | NA | NA | 50.5 [50.0–56.0] | 0.027 | NA | |||
| Externalizing | |||||||||
| Attention problems | NA | NA | NA | 53.0 [51.5–57.0] | 0.003 | 55.0 [51.0–60.5] | 0.018 | ||
| Aggressive behavior | NA | NA | NA | 50.0 [50.0–53.8] | 0.109 | 53.0 [50.0–56.0] | 0.042 | ||
| Aggregate scales | |||||||||
| Internalizing problems | NA | NA | NA | 53.0 [43.5–67.0] | 0.201 | 0.4 | 52.0 [46.5–63.0] | 0.212 | 0.5 |
| Externalizing problems | NA | NA | NA | 48.5 [42.3–53.8] | 0.825 | 0.1 | 52.0 [48.0–57.0] | 0.257 | 0.4 |
| Total problems | NA | NA | NA | 49.5 [41.8–63.0] | 0.464 | 0.2 | 54.0 [48.0–60.0] | 0.135 | 0.6 |
| Children aged 6–17 y | N = 13 | N = 29 | N = 20 | ||||||
| Syndrome scales | |||||||||
| Internalizing | |||||||||
| Anxious/depressed | 52.0 [50.0–56.5] | 0.008 | 52.0 [51.0–59.0] | <0.001 | 57.0 [50.3–63.5] | <0.001 | |||
| Withdrawn/depressed | 54.0 [50.0–60.5] | 0.001 | 56.5 [52.5–61.5] | <0.001 | 53.0 [50.0–61.8] | 0.001 | |||
| Somatic complaints | 60.0 [52.0–65.5] | 0.007 | 59.5 [51.5–70.0] | <0.001 | 61.0 [50.0–65.0] | <0.001 | |||
| Social problems | 57.0 [51.0–63.5] | 0.005 | 53.5 [51.3–61.8] | <0.001 | 55.5 [50.0–61.3] | 0.001 | |||
| Thought problems | 51.0 [50.0–56.5] | 0.018 | 53.0 [50.0–63.0] | <0.001 | 50.0 [50.0–57.0] | 0.014 | |||
| Attention problems | 53.0 [50.0–64.5] | 0.008 | 61.0 [51.3–66.5] | <0.001 | 52.0 [50.0–58.8] | 0.003 | |||
| Externalizing | |||||||||
| Rule-breaking behavior | 51.0 [50.0–51.5] | 0.010 | 51.0 [50.0–54.8] | <0.001 | 50.0 [50.0–53.0] | 0.027 | |||
| Aggressive behavior | 50.0 [50.0–52.0] | 0.068 | 51.0 [50.0–56.8] | <0.001 | 53.0 [50.0–55.0] | 0.003 | |||
| Aggregate scales | |||||||||
| Internalizing problems | 56.0 [52.0–61.5] | 0.011 | 0.8 | 60.0 [49.8–62.8] | <0.001 | 0.9 | 57.5 [49.0–63.8] | 0.004 | 0.7 |
| Externalizing problems | 44.0 [40.0–49.0] | 0.036 | −0.7 | 48.5 [41.8–56.0] | 0.546 | −0.1 | 51.0 [43.0–54.8] | 0.506 | −0.2 |
| Total problems | 53.0 [45.0–56.5] | 0.688 | 0.1 | 56.0 [49.0–62.0] | 0.002 | 0.6 | 53.5 [48.3–60.3] | 0.017 | 0.6 |
P values in bold are significantly different from normative data. Example: children reported significantly more internalizing/emotional problems (higher score: 56 vs 50, P = 0.011) than their peers, whereas they reported significantly less externalizing/behavioral problems (lower score: 44 vs 50, P = 0.036) than their peers.
CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; c-TRF = caregiver Teacher’s Report Form; NA = not applicable; TRF = Teacher’s Report Form; YSR = Youth Self Report (11–18 years).
*
Compared with normative data (T-score = 50, SD = 10). Tested with one-sample Wilcoxon signed rank tests and 1-sample t tests (depending on normality of the data distribution).