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. 2023 Oct 17;30(52):112959–112976. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30108-4

Table 3.

Cross-sectional dependence test results

Residual cross-section dependence test (full panel)
Pesaran (2004) CD test Statistic p-value
81.09 0.0000
Cross-section dependence test (individual variable)
Variable ln CO2 lnGDP URB REN GOV
Statistic 41.14*** 130.05*** 115.72** 45.63*** -1.18

*** and ** indicate 1 and 5% level of significance