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. 2023 Nov 13;13:19797. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47084-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visualization results of landmark points by geometric morphometrics. The left side is Asian, and the right side is white. The upper row shows the change from the average shape of landmark points corresponding to the attractiveness ratings of male face images. The lower row shows the change from the average shape of landmark points corresponding to the attractiveness ratings of female face images. Red dots indicate landmark points with the average shape, and green dots indicate landmark points with the shape after deformation. The blue arrows indicate the direction of the variation: Low (−2 SD) indicates the result when the attractiveness ratings is manipulated toward −2 SD, and High (+2 SD) indicates the result when the attractiveness ratings is manipulated toward +2 SD.