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. 2023 Nov 13;6:1156. doi: 10.1038/s42003-023-05521-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — MV multivariable regression, 2SLS two-stage least squares, IVW inverse-variance weighted, MR-Egger MR-Egger approach, LAD least absolute deviation. Estimates represent the mean difference in the spouse’s sleep trait (in SD) per SD increase in an individual’s own sleep trait, with the exception of snoring for which estimates represent risk difference. 95% confidence intervals are shown. Sample sizes are given in the accompanying source data (Supplementary Data 15).