Table 1.
Participant characteristics (means and standard deviation presented).
| Males (n = 120) | Females (n = 349) | Mann–Whitney or χ2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 33.02 (14.44) | 32.65 (13.38) | z = −0.20, p = 0.84 |
| Years of education | 15.77 (2.50) | 15.96 (2.30) | z = −1.33, p = 0.18 |
| Gender | |||
| Cisgender | 98.3% (n = 118) | 98.3% (n = 343) | χ2(1) = 0.001, p = 0.97 |
| Other | 1.6% (n = 2) | 1.7% (n = 6) | |
| UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS, 8-item) | 18.96 (4.96) | 19.63 (4.67) | z = −1.05, p = 0.29 |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS, 10-item) | 17.18 (7.28) | 20.04 (6.77) | z = −3.64, p < 0.001*** |
| Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ, 9-item) | 7.37 (5.69) | 8.07 (5.61) | z = −1.44, p = 0.15 |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD, 7-item) | 6.51 (5.24) | 7.97 (5.54) | z = −2.54, p = 0.01** |
| Ethnicity | χ2(3) = 2.56, p = 0.52 | ||
| White/Caucasian | 78.33% (n = 94) | 83.09% (n = 290) | |
| Black | 1.66% (n = 2) | 2% (n = 7) | |
| Asian | 5% (n = 6) | 4.87% (n = 17) | |
| Other | 15% (n = 18) | 10.02% (n = 35) | |
| Psychiatric disorders | 16% (n = 20) | 27.75% (n = 96) | χ2(1) = 5.60, p = 0.02 |
| Mood disorders (Bipolar disorders, Major depressive disorders) | 3.20% (n = 4) | 2.20% (n = 8) | χ2(1) = 2.43, p = 0.12 |
| Anxiety disorders (Panic disorders, General anxiety disorders, Obsessive compulsive disorders, Post-traumatic stress disorders) |
4.80% (n = 6) | 10.10% (n = 37) | χ 2(1) = 0.52, p = 0.47 |
| Mood and anxiety disorders | 3.20% (n = 4) | 8.79% (n = 30) | χ 2(1) = 1.01, p = 0.315 |
| Other (e.g., could be a combination of a mood/anxiety disorder with another type of disorder such as eating disorder) | 3.20% (n = 4) | 4.67% (n = 17) | χ 2(1) = 0.06, p = 0.809 |
| Not specified | 1.6% (n = 2) | 1.10% (n = 4) | χ 2(1) = 1.29, p = 0.256 |