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. 2023 Jun 30;45(6):3475–3490. doi: 10.1007/s11357-023-00851-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

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Fig. 1 — The concept of dual effects of CRMs. The dual effects are direct effect on metabolism of glucose and lipid in mainly liver or blood vessel and indirect effect on modulation of microbial metabolite in intestine