Table 1.
Characteristics and targets of CRMs
| CRMs | Main characteristics | Types of CRMs | Target of the direct effect as a CRM |
|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Anti-diabetic drug | Downstream | Intracellular energy sensor activation |
| Acarbose | Anti-diabetic drug | Upstream | Intestinal glycosidase inhibition |
| SGLT2 inhibitor | Anti-diabetic drug | Upstream | Glucose excretion |
| D-Glucosamine | Dietary supplement | Upstream | Glycolysis adjustment |
| D-Allulose | Food ingredients | Upstream | Glycolysis improvement |
| D-Allose | Food ingredients | Upstream | Glucose metabolism reduction |
| Resveratrol | Wine polyphenol | Downstream | Longevity gene activation |
| Rapamycin | Immunosuppressant drug | Downstream | Amino acid sensor inhibition |
| Polyamines | Gut bacterial metabolite | Downstream | Epigenetic control |