Table 2.

Influence of CRMs on intestinal microbiome

CRMs	Subject	Diet condition	Diversity1	Bacteria on increase	Bacteria on decrease	References
Metformin	Mice	High-fat diet	NR	Akkermansia	NR	[36]
	Mice	Normal diet	NR	NR	Bacteroides fragilis	[37]
	Human	Normal diet	NR	Escherichia/Shigella, Bilophila wadsworthia	Intestinibacter, Clostridium	[39]
Acarbose	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Muribaculaceae	Lactobacillaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae	[48]
	Human	Normal diet	Not changed2	Lactobacillaceae, Ruminococcaceae, Veillonellaceae	Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae	[49]
SGLT2 inhibitor	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Bacteroides, Odoribacter	Oscillibacter	[53]
	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Bifidobacterium	Oscillospira	[55]
	Human	Normal diet	NR	Roseburia, Eubacterium, Faecalibacterium	Escherichia-Shigella, Bilophila, Hungatella	[56]
D-Glucosamine	C57BL6 mice	High-fat diet	Not changed3	Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Allobaculum	Roseburia, Desulfovibrio, Oscillibacter, Intestinimonas	[61]
	Human	Normal diet	Not changed2	NR	Peptococcaceae, Bacillaceae	[66]
D-Allulose	C57BL6 mice	High-fat diet	Increase2	Coprococcus	NR	[70]
	C57BL7 mice	High-fat diet	NR	Lactobacillus, Coprococcus, Coprobacillus	Turicibacter, Clostridiaceae, Dorea, Erysipelotrichaceae	[72]
	Human	Normal diet	NR	Coprococcus, Blautia	NR	[73]
D-Allose	C57BL6 mice	Normal diet	NR	Bacteroides acidifaciens, Akkermansia muciniphila	Blautia, Lachnospiraceae	[82]
Rapamycin	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Marinilabiliaceae, Turicibacter	NR	[86]
Resveratrol	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	Enterococcus faecalis	[92]
	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Akkermansia	NR	[93]
Polyamines	Mice	Normal diet	NR	Lachnospiraceae	NR	[100]

¹There are two main types of diversity that are commonly studied in gut microbiome: α-diversity and β-diversity. ²α-diversity refers to the diversity within a single sample. ³β-diversity refers to the differences in microbial community composition between different samples. NR, not reported